Resources  
  • Difference between Abstract Class and Interface in C#Apr 13, 2026. Unlock C# abstraction! Explore the key differences between abstract classes and interfaces with real-world examples. Learn when to use each for cleaner, scalable code.
  • Difference Between Abstract Class and Interface in C# With ExamplesApr 03, 2026. Explore the nuances of Abstract Classes vs. Interfaces in C#. Learn their key differences, use cases, and real-world examples for better C# development.
  • Is PHP 8.5 Still Relevant for Modern Web Development?Mar 27, 2026. Explore PHP 8.5's relevance in 2026 web development. Discover its strengths, weaknesses, and best use cases for CMS, e-commerce, and beyond. Is it still a viable option?
  • Difference Between Abstract Class and Interface in C#Mar 26, 2026. Unlock the power of C#! Learn the difference between abstract classes and interfaces with clear explanations, examples, and use cases. Write cleaner, scalable code!
  • SharePoint PermissionsFeb 26, 2026. Master SharePoint permissions! This guide covers groups, levels, inheritance, and breaking inheritance for secure and effective collaboration. Learn to manage access!
  • Abstract vs Virtual in C#Jan 26, 2026. Confused about abstract vs. virtual in C#? This guide clarifies their differences, usage scenarios, and common pitfalls. Learn when to use each for robust code design.
  • What Happens to My Crypto If I Die and No One Has My Recovery Phrase?Dec 30, 2025. What happens to your crypto when you die? Learn how to securely pass on your digital assets and avoid permanent loss. Key management is crucial for crypto inheritance.
  • Using WebForms Core in PHPDec 25, 2025. Discover WebForms Core v2 in PHP: build dynamic web apps without front-end frameworks! Simplify DOM event handling and server-side interactions with ease. Learn how!
  • Abstract Class and Abstraction in C#: A Technical Deep DiveDec 12, 2025. Learn abstraction in C# with practical examples. This article explains abstract classes, their structure, usage, and real-world code implementations in detail.
  • Understanding Inheritance in C# with Practical ExamplesNov 28, 2025. Master C# inheritance! Learn about base/derived classes, single/multi-level/hierarchical inheritance, method overriding, 'base' keyword, and preventing inheritance.
  • Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in JavaScript Using ClassesNov 26, 2025. Master OOP in JavaScript using classes! Learn encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism with practical examples. Build scalable applications!
  • Understanding Inheritance in C# with Practical Project ExamplesNov 25, 2025. Master C# inheritance! Learn how to reuse code, avoid duplication, and create hierarchical relationships with real-world examples like vehicle and employee systems. Boost .NET Core project quality!
  • Object-Oriented Programming System (OOPs) : Concepts, Code & Interview PrepNov 05, 2025. Master C# OOPs: Grasp core concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism. Ace your interviews with practical examples and interview Q&As.
  • SQL Injection in Laravel: Understanding, Exploiting, and Preventing AttacksOct 31, 2025. Learn about SQL Injection in Laravel, how to exploit it, and most importantly, how to prevent it. Secure your application with Laravel's built-in features and best practices.
  • Understanding Inheritance and Polymorphism in C#Oct 29, 2025. Unlock C#'s power! Explore inheritance and polymorphism with practical ASP.NET WebForms examples. Build reusable, scalable, and maintainable applications. Master OOP!
  • Difference Between Abstract Class and Interface in C#Oct 29, 2025. Understand the core differences between abstract classes and interfaces in C# with a practical Windows Forms example. Learn when to use each for better design.
  • Understanding Inheritance in C# WebFormsOct 29, 2025. Learn C# inheritance in WebForms! This tutorial shows how to create a base `Employee` class and extend it with a `Manager` class, demonstrating code reuse.
  • Composition Over Inheritance: Building Flexible C# ApplicationsOct 26, 2025. Master Composition Over Inheritance in C#! Build flexible, maintainable C# applications by favoring 'has-a' over 'is-a' relationships. Real-world examples included!
  • Chapter 11: Inheritance: Building Class Hierarchies in C++Oct 23, 2025. Unlock the power of inheritance in C++! This chapter explores building class hierarchies, enabling code reuse and establishing 'is-a' relationships. Learn about base and derived classes, access specifiers (public, protected, private), and the order of construction/destruction. Discover method overriding for specialized behavior, setting the stage for polymorphism.
  • Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) in C#: Inheritance Done RightOct 20, 2025. Master the Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) in C# and write robust, maintainable code! This article dives deep into LSP, demonstrating how to design inheritance hierarchies where derived classes seamlessly replace base classes without breaking your application. Learn to identify and refactor common LSP violations using practical C# examples like the classic Bird and Rectangle-Square problems. Ensure your inheritance relationships are sound, predictable, and adhere to SOLID principles for better software design. Discover when composition is a superior alternative to inheritance.
  • Chapter 15: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) with ClassesOct 12, 2025. Explore Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in JavaScript using ES6 Classes. Learn how to define classes, create objects, and implement inheritance with extends and super. Discover static methods for utility functions and leverage getters and setters for controlled property access and encapsulation. Master OOP principles for cleaner, more maintainable JavaScript code. This guide provides practical examples for building robust applications.
  • Access Modifiers in C#Sep 12, 2025. Master C# access modifiers (public, private, protected, internal, protected internal, private protected) to control code visibility and build robust, maintainable applications. Learn how to encapsulate data, expose APIs, and manage inheritance effectively. Secure your code and prevent unintended access by understanding these key concepts.
  • Difference Between Method Overriding and Method Overloading in Python?Aug 25, 2025. Understand method overriding vs. overloading in Python. Learn how inheritance and polymorphism enable overriding, while default arguments simulate overloading. Master Python!
  • What are abstract classes, and how do you use them in Python?Aug 21, 2025. Abstract classes are a key concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that provide a way to define a blueprint for other classes. They help enforce rules, ensuring that child classes implement specific methods. This article explains what abstract classes are, how they work in Python, and how to use them with examples.
  • How does multiple inheritance work, and what is MRO (Method Resolution Order)?Aug 21, 2025. Multiple inheritance is an important concept in Python that allows a class to inherit from more than one parent class. But this can lead to confusion when the same method is defined in multiple parent classes. Python solves this using MRO (Method Resolution Order), which decides the order in which methods are searched. In this article, we will break down how multiple inheritance works, what MRO is, and why it is important.
  • What are the four pillars of OOP in Python?Aug 21, 2025. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python is built on four main principles: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. These concepts help developers write cleaner, reusable, and scalable code. In this article, we’ll break down each pillar in simple terms with Python examples.
  • Java Programming: Features, Applications, and AdvantagesAug 21, 2025. Java is a versatile, object-oriented programming language known for its portability, robustness, and scalability. Widely used in web, mobile, enterprise, cloud, and big data applications, it powers reliable solutions globally.
  • What is the cURL in PHP❓Aug 14, 2025. Learn how to use cURL in PHP with simple examples. Understand cURL basics, prerequisites, session handling, curl_setopt usage, and connect your PHP applications to REST APIs easily for backend development.
  • Advanced concepts of JavaScriptAug 14, 2025. Master advanced JavaScript concepts like closures, hoisting, prototypes, async/await, event loop, and functional programming to write efficient, reusable, and well-structured code for modern applications.
  • Streamline PHP Development with Azure MySQL and VS CodeAug 12, 2025. Learn how to quickly set up and connect Azure Database for MySQL with PHP using VS Code. Build scalable, secure, cloud-native apps with easy management, backups, and seamless database integration.
  • Custom Role Definitions & Dynamic Permission Management in SharePoint with PnPjs (SPFx Guide)Aug 11, 2025. This script uses PnP.js to create a custom SharePoint role named "Custom Reviewer" with permissions to view and add comments but without editing core data, defining it via sp.web.roleDefinitions.add().
  • Difference between interface and abstract class?Aug 07, 2025. Learn the fundamental differences between interfaces and abstract classes in C#. This article breaks down their key characteristics, use cases, and performance implications with code examples. Ideal for developers and interview preparation.
  • Manage SharePoint Permissions with PnPjs in SPFxAug 06, 2025. Manage SharePoint permissions in SPFx using PnPjs. Learn how to get user roles, break inheritance, assign or remove access, and check effective permissions with efficient and production-ready code examples.
  • What is object-oriented programming in C#?Aug 05, 2025. A hands-on guide to understanding object-oriented programming (OOP) in C#, complete with real-world examples. Learn the four pillars of OOP, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction, and how to apply them in modern C# applications.
  • Casting and ConvertingJul 31, 2025. Learn how type casting works in Java, including primitive and object casting, upcasting, downcasting, and common pitfalls like ClassCastException with practical examples and inheritance-based scenarios.
  • Understanding Sealed Classes in C# with ExampleJul 30, 2025. In C#, a sealed class prevents inheritance, ensuring its behavior can't be altered through subclassing. It enhances security, enforces design rules, and can improve performance in certain scenarios.
  • Object Oriented Programming Concepts in C# (2025)Jul 08, 2025. Explore object-oriented programming (OOP) in C# for 2025, covering core principles—encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, along with modern features like records, pattern matching, and more.
  • Different Type of Variables in PHPJun 23, 2025. Learn about the different types of variables in PHP, including scalar, arrays, objects, and more. This guide covers their usage, examples, and best practices for beginners and developers alike.
  • What's New in PHP 8.4.6? A More Stable Foundation! Apr 14, 2025. The latest PHP release is here: version 8.4.6. Don't expect new features, but do anticipate a significantly more stable and refined PHP 8.4, thanks to a focus on bug fixes and essential improvements.
  • Inheritance in Blazor? Because Components Don’t Have to Start from Scratch!Mar 19, 2025. ?Explore Blazor component inheritance by creating reusable components, such as checkboxes and notifications, to promote code efficiency and maintainability.
  • The Object Oriented ProgrammingMar 17, 2025. The Object Oriented Programming (OOP)  improves the scalability and reusability of the code. This comprise of class and objects.
  • Understanding OOP in PythonFeb 16, 2025. This article explains the fundamental concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python. It covers classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction, illustrated with a comprehensive code example and detailed explanations.
  • Azure Bicep Inheritance: Global & Module Tags WorkaroundFeb 13, 2025. This article covers tagging strategies, resource management, and best practices for deploying Azure resources efficiently while maintaining governance and consistency across your infrastructure.
  • Understanding the Override Function in C#Jan 23, 2025. The override keyword in C# allows a derived class to modify or extend a method defined in a base class. It supports polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation, enabling flexible and reusable code with dynamic method binding at runtime.
  • Understanding JavaScript InheritanceDec 13, 2024. Programming paradigms such as object-oriented programming (OOP) are supported by JavaScript, a strong and adaptable programming language. Inheritance is a fundamental aspect of OOP that permits a class to inherit methods and properties from another class.
  • Dependency Properties in WPF: Benefits, Usage, and Examples in C#Oct 21, 2024. A Dependency Property in WPF is a specialized property supported by the WPF property system. It enables data binding, styling, animation, and value inheritance. This system improves memory efficiency and provides automatic change notifications, making it essential for dynamic, data-driven applications.
  • Visualizing MySQL Date-Time Data with CanvasJS in PHPSep 25, 2024. Learn how to create CanvasJS charts using date-time values from a database in PHP. This comprehensive guide covers setting up your database, fetching data, converting PHP timestamps to JavaScript timestamps, and rendering interactive charts
  • Efficient Package Management in Large Enterprises with Directory.Packages.propsSep 23, 2024. Managing NuGet package versions in large C# solutions can be challenging. The Directory.Packages.props file simplifies this by allowing you to define package versions in one central location, ensuring consistency across all projects.
  • Interface Re-implementation in C#Aug 29, 2024. This guide covers the principles of object-oriented programming, including inheritance and polymorphism, and demonstrates practical techniques for effective interface re-implementation and code refactoring.
  • Understanding the Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) with C#Aug 14, 2024. The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) ensures that objects of a base class can be replaced with objects of a derived class without altering program correctness. This principle, part of SOLID design, promotes reliable and maintainable code by maintaining consistent behavior across class hierarchies.
  • Understanding Access Modifiers in .NET CoreAug 13, 2024. Access modifiers in .NET Core control the visibility and accessibility of classes, methods, and variables. They include Public, Private, Protected, Internal, Protected Internal, and Private Protected. These modifiers help enforce encapsulation, security, modularity, and proper access control in object-oriented programming.
  • Understanding the Open/Closed Principle (OCP) with C#Aug 12, 2024. The Open/Closed Principle (OCP) states that software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification. This principle helps in creating flexible and maintainable code by allowing new functionality to be added without altering existing code.
  • Can a Private Member be Inherited by Derived Class?Jul 23, 2024. This article is discussing if a private member can be inherited by derived class.
  • Can a Static Member be Inherited by Derived Class?Jul 23, 2024. This article discusses if a static Member be Inherited by Derived Class?
  • Understanding Sealed Classes in C#Jul 22, 2024. Sealed classes in C# are a vital concept in object-oriented programming, preventing other classes from inheriting them. This ensures a secure and stable class hierarchy by stopping further extension.
  • Object Oriented Programming in PythonJul 19, 2024. Object Oriented Programming in Python" delves into the principles and concepts of OOP using Python. This guide covers classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, providing practical examples and hands-on exercises.
  • Wrapper Class vs. Object Composition with UseCaseJul 18, 2024. Explore Wrapper Classes and Object Composition in object-oriented programming. Learn how wrappers adapt interfaces and enhance functionality without altering code, ideal for legacy systems.
  • Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism in C#Jul 18, 2024. In this article, we will learn how to encapsulate data for security, leverage inheritance for code reuse, and implement polymorphism to create flexible and scalable applications.
  • C# Abstract Class with ExamplesJul 17, 2024. Explore the fundamentals of C# abstract classes through clear examples and detailed explanations. Learn how abstract classes facilitate code reusability and polymorphism in object-oriented programming, with practical demonstrations of their usage and implementation in C#.
  • Polymorphism Concept OOPSJul 16, 2024. Polymorphism in C# involves method overloading (multiple methods with the same name but different parameters), method overriding (subclass provides specific implementation of a method in the parent class), and method hiding (subclass hides a method from the parent class).
  • JavaScript – Prototypal Inheritance – IllustratedJul 12, 2024. JavaScript – Prototypal Inheritance – Illustrated" is an in-depth guide that explores the concept of prototypal inheritance in JavaScript. This illustrated tutorial simplifies complex topics like object prototypes, prototype chains, and inheritance patterns.
  • Object Inheritance and Object Composition in Object Oriented Programming Jul 12, 2024. This content delves into two fundamental concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): object inheritance and object composition. It explores how inheritance enables class hierarchies and polymorphism, allowing for code reusability and extension.
  • Comprehensive Guide to C# Programming for DevelopersJun 06, 2024. C# (C sharp) is a versatile programming language by Microsoft, ideal for web, desktop, mobile, cloud, and gaming apps. It features strong typing, garbage collection, and extensive libraries.
  • Sealed Class in .NET C#: Syntax, Usage, and ExampleMay 30, 2024. Users are prevented from inheriting a class by using sealed classes. The sealed keyword can be used to seal a class. The keyword informs the compiler that an extension of the class is not possible because it is sealed. A sealed class cannot be used to create another class.
  • Understanding Generic Constraints in C#May 21, 2024. Generics in C# allow you to define classes, methods, and interfaces with a placeholder for the type of data they store or use. This flexibility enables you to write more general and reusable code.
  • Abstract Class in .NET C#: Syntax, Usage and ExampleMay 13, 2024. Abstract classes in .NET C# provide a blueprint for other classes to inherit from. They contain abstract methods that must be implemented by derived classes. Learn syntax, usage, and see examples to understand how abstract classes facilitate code reusability and enforce design contracts.
  • Mastering OOP in C#: A Real-World Project JourneyMay 13, 2024. Explore Object-Oriented Programming in C# through a practical journey. Learn key concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation while working on real-world projects. Master C# development with hands-on examples, SOLID principles, and design patterns in Visual Studio and .NET framework.
  • Understanding the Connections Between Classes in OOPMay 10, 2024. Understanding how different tools in a toolbox are used to build something. This guide helps you see how these classes share information and work together to create software, making it easier to understand how programs are put together using Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
  • C# Inheritance: Basics and Practical ExamplesMay 10, 2024. Inheritance in C# allows classes to inherit properties and behavior from other classes, facilitating code reuse and creating a hierarchy of classes. Beginners learn to establish relationships between classes, leverage base, and derived classes, and implement polymorphism for flexible and efficient code structures."
  • Learn about Extensions in C#Apr 22, 2024. Learn about extending class functionality in C# using extension methods without altering source code. Understand inheritance vs. extensions, handling sealed classes, method chaining, and key points like static method declaration and usage of "this" keyword. Explore benefits like dynamic upgrades and FAQs clarifying extension method usage.
  • Polymorphic serialization using System.Text.JsonApr 12, 2024. Polymorphic serialization is the process of serializing and deserializing objects of different types that share a common base type. This allows us to preserve the specific type information of each object, which is crucial when we want to deserialize the objects back into their original types.
  • C# Structs: Performance Benefits, Usage, and Best PracticesApr 01, 2024. This article provides an insightful overview of structs in C#, detailing their value type nature, stack allocation, and key characteristics. It includes examples and considerations for when to use structs versus classes.
  • What is a Sealed Classes in C#?Mar 28, 2024. In C#, the concept of inheritance plays a vital role in object-oriented programming (OOP). Developers often design class hierarchies to create a relationship between different types of objects. However, in some scenarios, you might want to restrict the inheritance of a particular class.
  • Decorator Pattern in C# - 3 versionsMar 20, 2024. In this article, we will explore the versatile Decorator Pattern in C#, presented in 3 different versions. Enhance your understanding of object-oriented design with this powerful pattern, offering flexible ways to add functionality to objects dynamically.
  • What is Alternative of Multiple Inhertitance in C#?Mar 18, 2024. This approach allows for achieving some level of multiple inheritance-like behavior while avoiding the complexities associated with traditional multiple inheritance.
  • Web Developers' Guide to URL Encoding and Decoding MasteryMar 03, 2024. URL encoding and decoding are fundamental processes in web development, ensuring the secure and reliable transmission of data over the internet. We will explore the essentials of both URL encoding and decoding, their necessity, rules, examples, and how they are implemented in various programming languages.
  • How to Build a Calendar in PHP?Feb 22, 2024. In this article, we'll guide you through creating a calendar using PHP. It's a straightforward process that involves using HTML for the structure, CSS for styling, and PHP for the logic. We'll start by styling the calendar with CSS, defining how it looks, from the table and headers to individual cells and links.
  • Installing and Configuring XAMPP on Windows 11Feb 20, 2024. This article provides a comprehensive guide on installing XAMPP, the popular PHP development environment, on Windows 10/11. XAMPP includes Apache, MySQL, PHP, and Perl, making it a convenient solution for local development.
  • Learn about Sealed Classes in C#Feb 14, 2024. In C# programming, sealed classes offer control over inheritance but can be restrictive. This article delves into unlocking their potential using extension methods and the decorator pattern. These techniques enable extending sealed classes' functionality without compromising code integrity,
  • Building a Secure PHP MySQL Signup/Login Website with Email VerificationJan 15, 2024. Creating a secure signup/login system is essential for any web application that involves user authentication. In this article, I'll guide you through building a PHP MySQL login/signup website with email verification. I'll focus on security best practices, including password encryption using PHP's built-in functions.
  • Elastic Bean Stalk in AWSDec 14, 2023. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Beanstalk simplifies web application deployment and management on AWS. It automates infrastructure tasks, ensuring scalability, load balancing, and updates, letting you focus on application development.
  • How to Use Inheritance in PostgreSQL?Nov 29, 2023. PostgreSQL, a robust database system, introduces the concept of inheritance, enriching data organization. This article delves into utilizing PostgreSQL's inheritance for modeling hierarchical data, exemplified through products and categories. Explore the advantages, disadvantages, and querying nuances of this powerful feature.
  • How to Choose Between Inheritance and Composition?Nov 16, 2023. When to use composition over inheritance and vice versa as a coding best practice.
  • PHP.ini Upload_Max_Filesize Exceeded ErrorOct 26, 2023. The uploaded file exceeds the upload_max_filesize directive in php.ini." This error occurs when you're trying to upload a file in PHP, but the size of the file being uploaded is larger than the upload_max_filesize directive specified in your php.ini configuration file.
  • Object-Oriented Programming in JavaScriptSep 11, 2023. This article explores JavaScript's Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) fundamentals, covering object creation, constructor functions, methods, inheritance, and ES6 classes, enabling modular and maintainable code in web development.
  • Pillar of OOPS (Object Oriented Programming)Sep 06, 2023. This article explores the fundamental pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism, and Inheritance. It provides detailed explanations and real-world examples to enhance your understanding of these critical concepts, making it a valuable resource for developers and interview preparation.
  • C# Abstract Classes: Definition, Usage With ExampleAug 07, 2023. Learn all about C# Intermediate Abstract Classes in this comprehensive guide. Understand the concepts, usage, and benefits. A must-read for C# developers aiming to enhance their skills. Click to become a C# Abstract Classes expert!
  • Laravel Lumen Lightweight Framework for Powerful Web ApplicationsJul 11, 2023. Laravel Lumen is a lightweight micro-framework built on Laravel, offering developers a fast and efficient solution for building microservices and APIs. With its minimalistic approach, seamless integration with the Laravel ecosystem, and emphasis on performance optimization, Lumen enables the creation of powerful web applications with ease.
  • Custom search functionality for data tables for server-side processing with PHP and MySQLJun 30, 2023. To add custom search functionality to Data Tables for server-side processing with PHP and MySQL, you can modify the SQL query dynamically based on the search criteria provided by the user.
  • CRUD Operation in PHP using MySQLJun 21, 2023. In this article, you will learn the standard way to create a CRUD operation. It is created using PHP and MySQL with custom functions. So, it is very simple to learn and develop your project.
  • How to run a PHP code using XAMPP ServerJun 19, 2023. The most commonly used web-backend programming language is PHP. A PHP script can be executed through a web server module. Installing a web server like Apache and a database server like MySQL is required in order to run PHP for the web. Can use XAMPP on Windows and Linux operating systems. This tutorial will show you how to run a PHP program on an XAMPP server.
  • Fluent Interface Pattern in C# With inheritance problemJun 14, 2023. Tutorial article on Fluent Interface Pattern in C#.
  • C# InheritanceMay 12, 2023. What is Inheritance
  • 6 Functionalities That Make PHP a Versatile LanguageApr 26, 2023. In this blog, we will explore the six most frequently utilized features and functionalities of PHP, along with real-world examples demonstrating how they can be applied in practical applications.
  • Best Practices for Building Large-Scale Laravel ApplicationsApr 22, 2023. This article provides tips and best practices for developing large-scale Laravel applications. By following these best practices, you can improve the quality and scalability of your application, make it easier to maintain and update and ensure that it is built using industry-standard coding practices.
  • My Journey From PHP To Flutter DeveloperFeb 13, 2023. Hello guys, In this article, I will be sharing my journey of transitioning from a PHP Developer to a Flutter Developer. So, without further ado, let's dive in,
  • Break Inheritance And Set Item-Level Permission Using Power AutomateOct 18, 2022. In this article, we will learn how to set item-level unique permissions in SharePoint using HTTP request with Power Automate
  • Dataflow In Inheritance Using C#Sep 16, 2022. In this article, I'm going to explain how data flows when we are using Inheritance, this article also helps in making your concept crystal clear about the data flow.
  • Get Started With OOPS In Flutter 😎Jul 13, 2022. Here cover some interesting topics like inheritance, abstract classes and computed properties.
  • Ambiguity Resolution In CPP ProgrammingApr 13, 2022. Ambiguity refers to the condition that usually represents several interpretations from a single context. Coming to our technical stage, this will be followed in the concept of Inheritance mainly we say in the context of Multipath Inheritance or Hybrid Inheritance.