Globalization and Localization in .NET

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Globalization, Localization

To implementing a multilingual user interface, you design the user interface to open in the default UI language and offer the option to change to other languages.

Globalization is the first step in the process. A globalized application supports localized user interfaces and regional data for all users. Truly global applications should be culture-neutral and language-neutral. A globalized application can correctly accept, process, and display a worldwide assortment of scripts, data formats, and languages.

While your globalized application may possess such flexibility, ensure that you have separated the application's resources that require translation from the rest of the application's code. If you correctly test for localizability before proceeding to the localization step, you should not have to modify your application's source code during localization.

Globalization in .Net - CultureInfo, ResourceManager and Resgen

In .Net System.Globalization namespace contains classes that define culture-related information, including the language, the country/region, the calendars in use, the format patterns for dates, currency, and numbers, and the sort order for strings. There are around 20 classes in System.Globalization. Here we are only concern to CutureInfo class.

CutureInfo class represents information about a specific culture including the names of the culture, the writing system, and the calendar used, as well as access to culture-specific objects that provide information for common operations, such as formatting dates and sorting strings.

The System.Resources namespace provides classes and interfaces that allow developers to create, store, and manage various culture-specific resources used in an application. One of the most important classes of the System.Resources namespace is the ResourceManager class. The ResourceManager class allows the user to access and control resources stored in the main assembly or in resource satellite assemblies

The Resource File Generator (Resgen.exe) converts .txt files and .resx (XML-based resource format) files to common language runtime binary .resources files that can be embedded in a runtime binary executable or compiled into satellite assemblies.

Creating .resources files

To proceed with our example, let us first create the .resources files. Here I am using six languages English, French, German, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese (Thanks to Google for this and don''t blame me there is anything wrong in conversion). To create .resources files. Create the following six .txt files in any folder as follows.

resource.en-US.txt - which contains the below English text.

0001=Please Enter User Name
0002=Please Enter Password
0003=User Login
0004=Submit
0005=Cancel
0006=Welcome
0007=How are you today?
0008=Select Language

resource.fr-FR.txt - which contains the below French text.

resource.de-DE.txt - which contains the below German text.

resource.es-ES.txt - which contains the below Spanish text.

resource.it-IT.txt - which contains the below Italian text.

resource.pt-PT.txt - which contains the below Portuguese text.

Now open the visual studio command prompt and run the resgen.exe with .txt file as parameter as shown in image below.

You will get resource.en-US.resources file after running the Resgen for resource.en-US.txt. Similarly you will get six .resources files for each .txt files.

Creating a Web Application to use .resources files.

Now open the visual studio and open the new c# web application. Add a new a web page Default.aspx. Now open the Default.aspx in HTML mode and paste the following code below the @ page directive.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" >

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<title>Default</title>

</HEAD>

<asp:RadioButtonList id="rdoLanguage" style="Z-INDEX: 101; LEFT: 60px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 24px"

runat="server" AutoPostBack="True" Font-Names="Verdana" Font-Size="Smaller">

<asp:ListItem Value="en-US" Selected="True">English</asp:ListItem>

<asp:ListItem Value="fr-FR">French</asp:ListItem>

<asp:ListItem Value="de-DE">German</asp:ListItem>

<asp:ListItem Value="es-ES">Spanish</asp:ListItem>

<asp:ListItem Value="it-IT">Italian</asp:ListItem>

<asp:ListItem Value="pt-PT">Portuguese</asp:ListItem>

</asp:RadioButtonList>

<asp:Button id="Button1" style="Z-INDEX: 102; LEFT: 76px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 180px" runat="server"

Font-Names="Verdana" Width="68px" Height="24px" Text="-->" Font-Bold="True" Font-Size="8"></asp:Button>

</form>

</body>

</HTML>

See the values of List Item en-US for English, fr-FR for French, de-DE for German, es-ES for Spanish, it-IT for Italian and pt-PT for Portuguese. Resources Files will be read using these values, as you will see this later.

Now Switch to design mode, you will see the following output in design mode

Now in design mode click on the (-->) button. Default.aspx.cs will be opened. Write the following code in Button1_Click event

private void Button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

Server.Transfer("Login.aspx");

}

Add new Web Form to the project and rename it to Login.aspx. Now open the Login.aspx in HTML mode and paste the following code below the @ page directive.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" >

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<title>Login</title>

</HEAD>

<TABLE id="Table1" style="Z-INDEX: 107; LEFT: 8px; WIDTH: 455px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 8px; HEIGHT: 48px"

cellSpacing="1" cellPadding="1" width="455" border="0">

<TR>

<TD align="center" colspan="2"><asp:Label id="Label3" runat="server" Width="268px" Height="9px" Font-Names="Verdana" Font-Size="9pt"

Font-Bold="True">User Login</asp:Label></TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD align="right"><asp:Label id="Label1" runat="server" Width="272px" Height="8px" Font-Names="Verdana" Font-Size="8">Label</asp:Label></TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<TD align="right"><asp:Label id="Label2" runat="server" Width="268px" Height="9px" Font-Names="Verdana" Font-Size="8">Label</asp:Label></TD>

<TD><asp:TextBox id="Textbox3" runat="server" sWidth="166px" Height="24px" Font-Names="Verdana" Font-Size="8"

Width="164px"></asp:TextBox></TD>

</TR>

<TR>

<asp:Button id="Button1" runat="server" Text="Submit" Font-Names="Verdana" Font-Size="8"></asp:Button></TD>

<TD>

<asp:Button id="Button2" runat="server" Text="Cancel" Font-Names="Verdana" Font-Size="8"></asp:Button></TD>

</TR>

</TABLE>

</form>

</body>

</HTML>

Now Switch to design mode, you will see the following output in design mode

Now in design mode click on the submit button. Login.aspx.cs will be opened. Write the following code in Button1_Click event

private void Button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

Server.Transfer("Welcome.aspx");

}

Similarly for the cancel button, add the following code.

private void Button2_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

Server.Transfer("Default.aspx");

}

On the Page_Load event of the Login.aspx.cs add the following code

private void Page_Load(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

if(!Page.IsPostBack)

{

//Retrive the Language from Default page

string strCulture = Request.Params["rdoLanguage"].ToString();

//Set the Current culuture to session variable

Session["SelectCulture"]= strCulture;

//create the culture based upon session culuture

CultureInfo objCI = new CultureInfo(strCulture);

Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = objCI;

Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = objCI;

//Read the rsources files

String strResourcesPath= Server.MapPath("bin");

ResourceManager rm = ResourceManager.CreateFileBasedResourceManager("resource", strResourcesPath, null);

//Set the values read from resources to contorls

Label1.Text=rm.GetString("0001")+": ";

Label2.Text=rm.GetString("0002")+": ";

Label3.Text=rm.GetString("0003");

Button1.Text=rm.GetString("0004");

Button2.Text=rm.GetString("0005");

}

Here you can see that how we have created the CulutureInfo object and passed the current selected culture string as a parameter to CulutureInfo. After that set the current page's culture to selected culture by using Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture. Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture sets the current culture used by the Resource Manager to look up culture-specific resources at run time

Add new Web Form to the project and rename it to Welcome.aspx. Now open the welcome.aspx in HTML mode and paste the following code below the @ page directive.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" >

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<title>Welcome</title>

</HEAD>

<asp:Button id="Button1" style="Z-INDEX: 101; LEFT: 20px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 36px" runat="server"

Text="Select Another Language" Font-Size="8" Font-Names="Verdana" Width="152px"></asp:Button>

<asp:Label id="Label1" style="Z-INDEX: 102; LEFT: 20px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 12px" runat="server"

Font-Size="8" Font-Names="Verdana" Width="392px">Label</asp:Label>

</form>

</body>

</HTML>

Now Switch to design mode, you will see the following output in design mode

Now in design mode click on the (Select Another Language) button. Welcome.aspx.cs will be opened. Write the following code in Button1_Click event

private void Button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

Server.Transfer("Default.aspx");

}

On the Page_Load event of the Welcome.aspx.cs add the following code

private void Page_Load(object sender, System.EventArgs e)

{

if(!Page.IsPostBack)

{

string strCulture = Session["SelectCulture"].ToString();

CultureInfo objCI = new CultureInfo(strCulture);

Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = objCI;

Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = objCI;

//Read the rsources files

String strResourcesPath= Server.MapPath("bin");

ResourceManager rm = ResourceManager.CreateFileBasedResourceManager("resource", strResourcesPath, null);

string strUserName = Request.Params["TextBox1"].ToString();

Label1.Text=rm.GetString("0006")+", " + strUserName + "! " + rm.GetString("0007");

Button1.Text=rm.GetString("0008");

}

Now coding part is complete. Copy the all six .resources files created in first step to the bin directory of your web application.

In the solution explorer right click Default.aspx page and set it as start up page. Now run the application.If everything is right in its place, you will see the following out

Select the language as English and click on the button. You will see the Login page

Enter Any User/Pass and click on submit button. You will see the following output.

Now click on Select Language and select French Language. You will see the Login page as follows

Enter Any User/Pass and click on submit button. You will see the following output in French

Similarly you can check for German, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese for this example.

Conclusion

Here we have seen that how System.Globalization helps us for localization the application without modify application's source code. You can also explore System.Globalization for more languages and objects like RegionInfo, DateFormats etc.