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• Why Does useEffect Run Multiple Times in React? Explained with FixesJun 26, 2025. Struggling with useEffect running multiple times in React? Learn the real reasons behind multiple executions and how to control it using dependency arrays and best practices.
• Different Type of Variables in PHPJun 23, 2025. Learn about the different types of variables in PHP, including scalar, arrays, objects, and more. This guide covers their usage, examples, and best practices for beginners and developers alike.
• NumPy in Python: Sort, Search, and Count Arrays EfficientlyJun 04, 2025. Explore NumPy’s powerful sort, search, and count functions with real Python examples. Learn how to efficiently handle arrays, structured data, and conditions for faster, smarter numerical computations.
• Interpolation Search Algorithm in JavaJun 03, 2025. Learn how Interpolation Search improves upon Binary Search for uniformly distributed, sorted arrays. Explore its working, code examples in Java, performance, use cases, and comparison with Binary Search.2/2
• The Spread Operator in JavaScriptMay 04, 2025. The spread operator (...) in JavaScript lets you quickly expand arrays or objects into individual elements. This article covers how to use it for copying, merging, and passing values, with real examples and common pitfalls explained.
• Destructuring in JavaScriptMay 03, 2025. How to use destructuring in JavaScript. We’ll cover the basics, real-life use cases (like working with functions, APIs, and nested data), and throw in some practical tips along the way.
• 🔟 Things You Need to Know About C# 14Apr 28, 2025. C# 14 brings powerful new features like interceptors, type aliases, and inline arrays, helping developers write cleaner, safer, and more efficient code while boosting productivity and modern application development.
• What's New in PHP 8.4.6? A More Stable Foundation! Apr 14, 2025. The latest PHP release is here: version 8.4.6. Don't expect new features, but do anticipate a significantly more stable and refined PHP 8.4, thanks to a focus on bug fixes and essential improvements.
• Understanding Lists in PythonFeb 27, 2025. This article is around how python stores list and works with it. Python uses lists instead of built-in arrays. Lists are dynamic, memory-efficient, and support fast insertions. Unlike arrays, they grow automatically, while tuples remain immutable and are optimized for retrieval.
• Various Methods to Count Occurrences of Each Number in Array or ListFeb 17, 2025. In this article, I'll show you different ways to count how often a number appears in C#. We'll look at methods like LINQ, Dictionary, GroupBy, and Parallel.ForEach, and see which ones work best for small and large datasets.
• Java Program to Count the Number of Even and Odd in an ArrayJan 27, 2025. The title "Java Program to Count the Number of Even and Odd Numbers in an Array" refers to a Java program that demonstrates how to count how many numbers in an array are even and how many are odd. The article explains the concept of even and odd numbers, and provides a step-by-step guide on implementing a Java solution using simple loops and conditional statements.
• Printing a 2D Array in Java with CodeJan 23, 2025. Explore methods to print a 2D array in Java, including nested loops, Arrays.deepToString(), for-each loops, and Java 8 streams, with detailed explanations and code examples for effective implementation.
• Summary of Working with Arrays in C# from Basics to AdvancedJan 22, 2025. Arrays in C# are collections of homogeneous elements stored in contiguous memory. They have a fixed size, start from index 0, and allow easy access, modification, and iteration. C# supports multidimensional, jagged arrays, and LINQ operations.
• Merging Two Arrays in Java with CodeJan 22, 2025. This article explores merging arrays in Java, covering efficient techniques like `System.arraycopy()`, manual iteration, Java Streams, and ArrayList, with code examples to suit various programming needs.
• Java Program to Rotate a Square Matrix by 90 DegreesJan 21, 2025. Rotating a matrix by 90 degrees is a common problem in programming, often asked in coding interviews and competitions. The task involves changing the arrangement of elements in a square matrix such that the rows of the original matrix become columns in the rotated matrix, specifically in a clockwise direction.
• Copying All Elements of One Array to Another Array in Java with CodeJan 21, 2025. Learn how to copy arrays in Java using user input, iterative methods, and `System.arraycopy()`. This article demonstrates seamless duplication of entire arrays and subsets with practical examples.
• Java Program to Implement Matrix TranspositionJan 16, 2025. Java Program to Implement Matrix Transposition involves writing a Java program that performs matrix transposition, a mathematical operation where the rows and columns of a matrix are swapped. In simpler terms, the element at position (i, j) in the original matrix moves to position (j, i) in the transposed matrix.
• Java Program to Find the Average of Array ElementsJan 14, 2025. "Java Program to Find the Average of Array Elements" refers to a Java program that calculates the average of the numbers stored in an array. The program adds up all the elements of the array and then divides the sum by the total number of elements to get the average.
• Checking Two Matrices Are Equal in Java or NotJan 14, 2025. Learn how to compare two matrices in Java by implementing a `Matrix` class to handle creation, input, and comparison. This article covers object-oriented concepts, user input, and array manipulation.
• AI Roadmap: How to Go from Beginner to IntermediateJan 10, 2025. This article covers essential Python concepts, libraries (NumPy, Pandas, Scikit-learn, Matplotlib, SciPy), and machine learning frameworks (PyTorch, HuggingFace & Gradio), helping beginners progress to advanced proficiency in software development and data science.
• Sorting Array in Ascending and Descending order in JavaJan 09, 2025. Learn to sort arrays in Java using built-in methods like `Arrays.sort()` for ascending order and `Arrays.sort()` with `Collections.reverseOrder()` for descending order, complete with examples and explanations.
• 3 Easy Ways to Find the Missing Number in an Array in JavaJan 03, 2025. The article "3 Easy Ways to Find the Missing Number in an Array in Java" explains how to efficiently find the missing number in an array of numbers ranging from 1 to n. It presents three straightforward methods to solve the problem.
• Static Lambda in C# 12 : Performance ImprovementJan 02, 2025. This article explores Static Lambdas in C# 12, highlighting their performance benefits by preventing variable capture. Examples include sorting, filtering, parallel processing, and array operations, demonstrating efficient and optimized code execution.
• How to Find the Largest and Smallest Element in an Array in JavaJan 02, 2025. In this article, we explained how to find the largest and smallest numbers in an array in Java. The process involves initializing two variables, one for the largest and one for the smallest number, with the first element of the array.
• JSON Data Handling in SQL ServerNov 26, 2024. SQL Server supports JSON for managing semi-structured data. You can store JSON in NVARCHAR(MAX) columns, parse it with JSON_VALUE, JSON_QUERY, and OPENJSON, and modify it using JSON_MODIFY.
• How to Sort a List of Objects in TypeScript by PropertyNov 09, 2024. This guide covers sorting lists of objects in TypeScript, with examples for sorting by string, numeric, and date properties. It demonstrates using the sort() method, localeCompare for strings, custom sorting functions for dates and numbers, and multi-property sorting techniques.
• Explaining Four Sum ProblemsNov 05, 2024. This article delves into the Four Sum problem, a classic challenge in computer science and algorithm design. We explore various approaches to find all unique quadruplets in an array that sum to a given target.
• Map, Filter and Reduce in TypeScript with ExamplesOct 30, 2024. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of these essential functions, complete with practical examples to illustrate their use in real-world applications. Enhance your coding skills and streamline data manipulation with TypeScript today.
• ' Group By ' with Power AutomateOct 16, 2024. This process involves creating an instant flow to send an email to each user with a table of applications they have created. By listing rows from the "User Application" table, using union and filter actions, we group applications by user, create an HTML table, and send personalized emails.
• What is JSON and Why Is It So Important?Oct 10, 2024. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight, language-independent data format that represents key-value pairs, supporting strings, numbers, arrays, objects, and complex structures widely used for web applications and data interchange.
• Array to Text File: Detailed Overview of ArrayIOExtensionsLib ClassOct 03, 2024. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the ArrayIOExtensionsLib class, detailing its functionality for converting arrays to text files in C#. We explore its key features, methods, and practical applications, including data serialization and file management techniques.
• Longest Consecutive Sequence in ArrayOct 01, 2024. The "Longest Consecutive Sequence in Array" problem involves finding the longest sequence of consecutive integers in an unsorted array. This challenge can be efficiently solved using algorithms like hash sets or sorting methods to optimize time complexity.
• Explaning Joins in Azure Cosmos DB Sep 30, 2024. Azure Cosmos DB enables seamless querying using SQL-like syntax, allowing joins within JSON documents. This feature facilitates data retrieval from arrays and nested objects within a single container, enhancing the ability to manage complex datasets.
• Visualizing MySQL Date-Time Data with CanvasJS in PHPSep 25, 2024. Learn how to create CanvasJS charts using date-time values from a database in PHP. This comprehensive guide covers setting up your database, fetching data, converting PHP timestamps to JavaScript timestamps, and rendering interactive charts
• Array of Structure and Structures with in a StructureSep 13, 2024. Explore the concept of arrays of structures and structures within structures in data modeling. Understand how to manage complex data by nesting structures, utilizing multidimensional arrays, and creating hierarchical data models.
• Arrays of Strings in Multidimensional ArraysSep 09, 2024. Multidimensional arrays store data in multiple levels, enabling complex data structures like arrays of strings. This guide explores how to create, access, and manipulate string arrays within multidimensional arrays.
• Optimizing Searching Algorithms in C# and Reducing ComplexitiesAug 30, 2024. This article explores the implementation of 10 common searching algorithms in C#, detailing their use cases, workings, and complexities. From simple linear searches to more complex algorithms like Binary Search, Jump Search, and KMP, this guide provides code examples and insights into optimizing search efficiency.
• Illustration of Bubble Sorting in one Dimensional ArrayAug 30, 2024. Bubble Sort is a simple sorting algorithm that arranges elements in an array by repeatedly comparing and swapping adjacent items. It iterates through the array multiple times, moving the largest (or smallest) elements to their correct position in each pass. Ideal for educational use and small datasets.
• A Complete Guide to NumPy: From Basics to AdvancedAug 16, 2024. NumPy, short for Numerical Python, is a powerful library for numerical computing in Python. It supports multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, with functions for mathematical operations, array manipulation, and linear algebra.
• How to Use Hooks in React?Aug 07, 2024. React Hooks, introduced in React 16.8, allows you to use state and other features in functional components without classes. Key hooks include useState for managing state, useEffect for side effects, and useContext for accessing context.
• Implementing Thread-Safe Dynamic ArraysJul 31, 2024. Implementing thread-safe, dynamically resizable arrays in C ensures data integrity in multi-threaded applications. Utilize mutex locks for synchronization, condition variables for state management, and resize arrays dynamically to handle concurrent access efficiently.
• Sort an Array in Fabric Data Pipeline via Pipeline ExpressionsJul 10, 2024. Learn how to efficiently sort an array within the Fabric Data Pipeline using pipeline expressions. This guide covers the essentials of data transformation, providing step-by-step instructions for leveraging expression language in Fabric's platform.
• Split a String into an Array of Characters with No Delimiter in Azure Data FactoryJul 09, 2024. Explore splitting strings into character arrays without delimiters using Azure Data Factory or Synapse Pipeline with sequential For Each iterations and the Substring function for precise character extraction. Ideal for structured data processing in cloud environments.
• Find Subsets of a Given ArrayJul 03, 2024. In this article, we explore how to find all subsets of an array in C# using a bit manipulation technique. Each subset corresponds to a binary representation of an integer. By iterating through binary masks, we efficiently generate and print all possible subsets, demonstrating a powerful approach to subset generation.
• The Functioning of Array of Integer PointersJun 30, 2024. In C programming, an array of integer pointers is declared similarly to a regular integer array, with the primary distinction being the addition of an asterisk (*) before the array name.
• Understanding NumPy BroadcastingJun 28, 2024. NumPy Broadcasting" explores an essential feature of NumPy arrays, enabling efficient element-wise operations on arrays of different shapes. Broadcasting extends operations to arrays with compatible dimensions, enhancing computational efficiency and code clarity in data manipulation tasks.
• Transforming Data in JavaScript: Exploring Map, Filter, & ReduceJun 21, 2024. In JavaScript programming, mastering array methods like map, filter, and reduce is essential for efficient data manipulation. Map transforms arrays by applying a function to each element, filter selects elements based on criteria, and reduce aggregates values into one.
• Understanding JavaScript: Map vs ReduceJun 02, 2024. In this article, we delve into the JavaScript functions map and reduce, essential tools for array manipulation and functional programming. We'll explore their differences, use cases, and performance considerations.
• Finding Duplicates in JavaScript ArraysMay 28, 2024. Discover methods to identify duplicates in JavaScript arrays. Learn to use the Set object for unique values, indexOf() for locating repeated items, and some() for condition checks. Examples illustrate each technique, helping you effectively manage duplicates in your code.
• Resizing Arrays in C# with ExamplesMay 28, 2024. In C#, the `Array.Resize<T>` method changes the size of a one-dimensional array, either expanding or shrinking it. This method allocates a new array, copies elements, and replaces the old array.
• Common JavaScript Mistakes To AvoidMay 22, 2024. Enhance JavaScript skills by avoiding common mistakes like inefficient looping and mishandling null values, and mastering array manipulation techniques
• Pointers to Pointers and How Pointers Relate with ArrayMay 16, 2024. Pointers is a type of data in C; hence we can also have pointers to pointers, just we have pointers to integers. Pointers to pointers offer flexibility in handling arrays, passing pointers variables to functions, etc.
• 2D array - Take Input and Print Output SameMay 10, 2024. Utilize 2D arrays to input data, then print the output, maintaining the same structure. Employ nested loops for iteration and array manipulation in your chosen programming language.
• Learn About Collections in RustApr 17, 2024. In this article, we will explore all types of collections in the Rust Programming Language. Collections are essential in Rust for efficient data management. Arrays hold fixed-size elements, vectors offer dynamic resizing, and slices provide references to portions of collections.
• Bubble Sort Algorithm in C# with Generic Method ExampleApr 15, 2024. Bubble Sort is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. The pass through the list is repeated until the list is sorted.
• Arrays in Data Structures and AlgorithmsApr 11, 2024. Arrays are essential data structures in programming, storing similar data items in contiguous memory. They streamline organization and access, enabling efficient storage and retrieval of elements and simplifying coding tasks effectively.
• What Are the Caveats of Array Changes Detection in Vue.jsMar 27, 2024. Vue.js relies on JavaScript's array mutation methods like push, pop, and splice for reactive updates. However, developers must be wary of caveats like direct assignments and methods with no side effects.
• Single-Dimensional, Two-Dimensional, and Multidimensional Arrays in C#Mar 26, 2024. Arrays are fundamental data structures in programming languages, including C#. In this article, we'll explore single-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multidimensional arrays in C#, understand their differences, and learn how to work with them effectively.
• Explain about Spread Operator in C# 12 Mar 20, 2024. The spread operator, a recent addition to C# in version 12, streamlines working with collections like arrays and dictionaries. It simplifies tasks such as cloning and merging, enhancing code readability.
• Sort Array Directive in Vue.jsMar 13, 2024. Custom directives in Vue.js empower developers to extend HTML elements' functionality, enabling direct manipulation of the Document Object Model (DOM) within Vue applications. This example demonstrates creating a directive to sort an array based on a specific property.
• Web Developers' Guide to URL Encoding and Decoding MasteryMar 03, 2024. URL encoding and decoding are fundamental processes in web development, ensuring the secure and reliable transmission of data over the internet. We will explore the essentials of both URL encoding and decoding, their necessity, rules, examples, and how they are implemented in various programming languages.
• 2D Array with Matrix Multiplication in C ProgrammingFeb 28, 2024. A double subscripted variable, also known as a two-dimensional array, is a variable that has two subscripts assigned to it in order to represent a list of items.
• toSpliced(start, deleteCount, ...items) in JavaScript ES2023Feb 25, 2024. Creates a new array with elements spliced (added or removed) at a specific index, without modifying the original. The toSpliced method in JavaScript ES2023 offers a non-mutating alternative to splice, providing immutability, clarity, and concise data manipulation for arrays.
• How to Build a Calendar in PHP?Feb 22, 2024. In this article, we'll guide you through creating a calendar using PHP. It's a straightforward process that involves using HTML for the structure, CSS for styling, and PHP for the logic. We'll start by styling the calendar with CSS, defining how it looks, from the table and headers to individual cells and links.
• Immutable Arrays in JavaScriptFeb 21, 2024. In this article, we will learn how to work with Immutable Arrays in JavaScript. Explore the world of immutable arrays in JavaScript, understanding their creation using the spread operator, benefits, and common operations. Learn how they contribute to predictable state management and functional programming principles.
• Installing and Configuring XAMPP on Windows 11Feb 20, 2024. This article provides a comprehensive guide on installing XAMPP, the popular PHP development environment, on Windows 10/11. XAMPP includes Apache, MySQL, PHP, and Perl, making it a convenient solution for local development.
• What are Array Detection Mutation Methods in Vue.jsFeb 14, 2024. Vue.js provides array mutation methods that enable reactivity, allowing Vue to detect changes and update the DOM dynamically. Understand and use these methods for effective array manipulation in Vue.js.
• Moore's Voting Algorithm in JavaScriptFeb 14, 2024. Imagine you're analyzing election results or counting website visits. You need to find the most frequent item, the one that appears more than half the time. Sure, you could loop through the data and count manually, but wouldn't it be cool to have a smarter, more efficient way? Enter Moore's Voting Algorithm, a clever technique that solves this problem with elegance and speed.In this article, we'll demystify Moore's Voting Algorithm and implement it in JavaScript.
• Merging Arrays within Synapse / Azure Data Factory PipelineFeb 07, 2024. merging arrays in Azure Data Factory / Synapse pipelines. By utilizing functions like "join" to convert arrays to strings, "concat" to combine strings, and "split" to transform strings back to arrays, this solution ensures comprehensive data integration.
• Listing Unique Records Within an Array in Azure Data FactoryFeb 02, 2024. Utilize Azure Data Factory to remove duplicates within an array by employing the "union()" function. This solution involves the Set Variable activity to obtain a unique list from the array.
• Two Pointer Approach in PythonFeb 01, 2024. The Two Pointer Approach is one of the most used and efficient techniques to search for a pair in a sorted array. We'll look into the working of it, implementation and use cases.
• JavaScript Destructuring: Arrays, Functions, and ObjectsJan 31, 2024. Destructuring is a powerful feature in JavaScript that allows you to extract values from arrays, objects, and function parameters easily.
• What is List Rendering in Vue.js?Jan 23, 2024. Vue.js provides an elegant and powerful way to render lists of data dynamically with the v-for directive. This feature allows you to iterate over an array or an object, creating and updating HTML elements effortlessly. In this guide, we'll explore the ins and outs of list rendering in Vue.js with practical examples.
• Iterating Over an Array Using Arrow Functions in JavaScriptJan 19, 2024. The ways for Iterating Over an Array using arrow functions in JavaScript. Explore concise array iteration in JavaScript using arrow functions and methods like forEach, map, filter, reduce, and find. Simplify array tasks with clear, short, and effective code examples.
• TwoSum Example in C#: Print and Count Pairs with Given SumJan 17, 2024. Given an array of integers and target number ‘target sum' then print all pairs and their count in the array whose sum is equal to ‘target sum’.Examples : Input : arr[] = {3, 5, 7, 1, 5, 9}, target = 10 Output : (3,7) (5,5) (1, 9)Count: 3
• Array Operations in JavaScriptJan 17, 2024. Arrays are fundamental in JavaScript, allowing storage and manipulation of collections. Common operations include element access, addition/removal, iteration, built-in methods (map, filter, reduce), slicing, finding, and filtering/mapping.
• All about Solidity ArraysJan 15, 2024. Unlock the world of Solidity arrays in blockchain. From basics to pro tips, your complete guide for mastering this key element in smart contract coding.
• Building a Secure PHP MySQL Signup/Login Website with Email VerificationJan 15, 2024. Creating a secure signup/login system is essential for any web application that involves user authentication. In this article, I'll guide you through building a PHP MySQL login/signup website with email verification. I'll focus on security best practices, including password encryption using PHP's built-in functions.
• What is Inline Arrays in C# 12Jan 10, 2024. C# 12 unveils a hidden gem - inline arrays. This article delves into these performance powerhouses, showcasing how they boost speed, simplify memory management, and enhance type safety. Discover their functionalities and practical applications in diverse scenarios like geometric operations.
• What is Collection Expressions in C# 12?Jan 03, 2024. Forget the days of writing mountains of code just to create simple lists or arrays. C# 12 unleashes collection expressions, your new superpower for crafting collections with ease and elegance. This friendly guide demystifies the magic behind these expressions, even if you're a coding newbie.
• Essential Features of C# 12 You Need to KnowDec 28, 2023. Unlock C#'s hidden potential with features that make coding a breeze. Streamlined constructors, effortless collections, and enhanced lambdas await!
• Elastic Bean Stalk in AWSDec 14, 2023. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Elastic Beanstalk simplifies web application deployment and management on AWS. It automates infrastructure tasks, ensuring scalability, load balancing, and updates, letting you focus on application development.
• Row Constructors in PostgreSQLDec 13, 2023. Explore the power of row constructors in PostgreSQL, enabling efficient row-wise data manipulation. This guide covers syntax, applications in SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements, and common use cases for optimization.
• Array Constructors in PostgreSQLDec 06, 2023. Explore the robust array feature in PostgreSQL, a powerful tool for storing and managing multiple values in a single column. Learn declaration, input, access, and manipulation techniques.
• Understanding LIKE vs ILIKE in PostgreSQLDec 05, 2023. In this article, we will focus on the differences between the LIKE and ILIKE operators, and how to use them effectively.
• Difference Between Array and ArrayListDec 01, 2023. Here in this article, we are going to explain the difference between Array and Arraylist.
• Sorting Arrays in C#Nov 24, 2023. This article guides us through sorting arrays in C# using the Array.Sort() method and LINQ queries. It covers both ascending and descending orders, providing code snippets for clarity.
• How to use Power Automate to split a string into an arrayNov 06, 2023. This article explains how to turn a string into an array using the Power Automate split function.
• PHP.ini Upload_Max_Filesize Exceeded ErrorOct 26, 2023. The uploaded file exceeds the upload_max_filesize directive in php.ini." This error occurs when you're trying to upload a file in PHP, but the size of the file being uploaded is larger than the upload_max_filesize directive specified in your php.ini configuration file.
• Understanding Jagged Arrays in C# with ExamplesOct 19, 2023. The article will explain the Jagged Arrays in C# with an example and easy explanation. Jagged arrays in C# enable the storage of data in varying lengths, offering flexibility in managing complex data structures. Explore how to declare, initialize, and utilize jagged arrays through a comprehensive C# example.
• Array to Object in JavaScript: The Best Way to Manipulate DataOct 04, 2023. Learn how to convert an array to an object in JavaScript with simple examples and methods.
• Data Structures in R Programming Sep 25, 2023. In this guide, we'll explore the various data structures in the R language. Provided with syntax examples and illustrate how each data structure is used in practical scenarios in detail.
• Destructuring in JavascriptSep 18, 2023. Destructuring in JavaScript simplifies the extraction of specific values from arrays and objects. For instance, when dealing with arrays or objects, you might not always need all the values, only specific ones. It streamlines this process by allowing you to assign these values to variables.
• Array Map Method in JavaScript Sep 18, 2023. In JavaScript, arrays are used to create collections of elements. You can declare an array in JavaScript using square brackets, and it can contain various types of data, including integers, strings, or decimals.
• Efficient PDF Generation in ASP.NET Core Web API Using DinkToPdfSep 09, 2023. Generating PDF files in an ASP.NET Core Web API is a common requirement, and there are several libraries available to help with this task. In this example, I'll show you how to generate PDF files using the popular library called DinkToPdf, which is a .NET wrapper for the C library DinkToPdf. We'll also follow best practices for structuring your ASP.NET Core Web API project.
• Exploring F# Arrays: A Comprehensive GuideSep 04, 2023. Explore the power of F# arrays: creation, manipulation, benefits, and tips—master efficient data handling in F# programming.
• Insert JSON Array into Table with Stored Procedure ParameterSep 04, 2023. Learn how to efficiently save and insert JSON array data into a database table using SQL Server's T-SQL language, with adaptable concepts for other database systems.
• Convert String into Array in JavaScriptAug 21, 2023. Efficiently transform strings into arrays in JavaScript. Explore split() method, custom delimiters, and JSON conversion.
• Introduction to Powerful Numerical Computing with Python NumPyAug 01, 2023. Explore the essentials of Python NumPy in this beginner's guide. Learn to wield powerful arrays, perform advanced calculations, and elevate your data manipulation skills
• Exploring Python Data StructuresJul 18, 2023. In this article we will discuss about Pyhton data structures.