Introduction
In the last article, we covered how we can use multiple files in C++ for Functions. But now the question arises why do we even need to use multiple files in C++? Can’t we just write everything in one file? The answer is yes, yes you can!
Why even use Multiple code files in C++?
Writing everything in one file if you are working on smaller console applications can work. But if you tried to do this in large projects, then it will make your code an absolute mess.
So, once our program gets larger we should split our programs into multiple files for easy maintainability and reusability of our code.
For this, you should use an Integrated Development Environment. This will greatly ease the process. Visual studio code can also be used, but it will make the task unnecessarily hard, Visual studio Community (it is a free version of visual studio which is a free version of Visual Studio Professional and Visual Studio Enterprise). In this article, we will be using Visual Studio Community.
Requirements
- Basic Knowledge of C++ Programming
- Basic Knowledge of Object Oriented Programming(OOPS)
- Visual Studio Community
- Desktop development with C++ workload
Workload window of Visual studio community
NOTE: I will not be covering how to install or step up Visual Studio community in this article.
NOTE: If you find some images blurred out, then try to open image in new tab or zoom in, image may get blurred due to different aspect ratios.
For Installing and setting up Visual Studio Community for C++ visit the MS website for Visual Studio Community for C++
Here you can get to know about the setup process of Visual Studio Community for C++.
Step-by-step instructions
Step 1
Launch Visual Studio Community by double clicking on its icon or right click/open.
Open Visual Studio community
Step 2
Once Visual Studio Community opens up, click on create a new Project.
Create a new Project
Step 3
Search for C++ Console app and Click on it. Or you can choose it from recent templates if you have used console application before.
Choose the appropriate template (C++ Console application)
Step 4
Configure your Project as required. Put your Project name and a location(Directory) in the fields. And click create.
Now Visual Studio Community will create a solution for you.
Solutions: A solution is simply a container Visual Studio use to organize one or more related projects.
Configure newly created project
Step 5
When Visual Studio Community Editor opens up look for Solution Explorer, it's either in RHS or LHS. In solution explorer click on Source files and you will see an initial file that the Visual Studio Community provides. And it will open the hello world program in the editor.
An Initial hello world program provided by Visual Studio community
Solution explorer tab
Step 6
Create a new item. By right clicking Project in solution explorer then click Add and in next option menu click on new item.
Create a new Item
Step 7
Select C++ File (.cpp) File. Give the new file a name(we will use “Square”), and it will be added to your project.
Choose a CPP Source file
Make Square function in Square.cpp
In newly created c++ file, For the sake of simplicity, We will write a function that takes one integer number as parameter and then returns the square of given integer number.
Now edit the Main File (“MultiClass.cpp”) so that the initial file Visual Studio Community Provided use the function Square we have just created also add a forward declaration for square function. So that Visual studio community does not throw an error as “Square is undefined”
Now we have these files in our solution
MultiClass.cpp
#include <iostream>
int square(int num); //This will tell the compiler that this function is written somewhere in solution.
int main() {
int num = 0;
std::cout << "The a number to find it's square: ";
std::cin >> num;
std::cout << "The square of the number" << num << " is " << square(num);
}
Square.cpp
int square(int num)
{
return (num * num);
}
According to this method we will have to include as many forward declarations as many functions we want to use, that would be quite tedious. To fix this we will have to use custom header files that we are going to create next.
Writing a header file is quite easy, header files have these parts in them:
- A header guard
- The actual content of the header file, which will be the forward declarations (Prototype) for all of the identifiers (Functions in this case.) we want other files to be able to see.
Adding a Header File works the same as how we added another CPP source file (Square.cpp)
NOTE: Use a .h suffix when naming your header files.
Step 8
Create a new item. By right clicking Project in solution explorer then click Add and in next option menu click on new item.
Create a new item
Step 9
This time select Header File (.h) File.
Header files are commonly used with CPP (Source) code files, with the header file providing forward declarations(Prototype) for the corresponding CPP code file. Since our header file will contain a forward declaration for functions defined in Square.cpp, we’ll name our new header file Square.h, and Click Create and it will be added to your project.
Choose Header file
NOTE: If a header file is paired with a code file (e.g. Square.h with Square.cpp), they should both have the same base name (Square).
Also, Check in Solution explorer if it is added to your solution
Check if header is included in our solution
For now we will just put a Forward declaration in the header file for Square.cpp
We must use a header guard in the header files but, we are skipping it for now and will get back to it later on, in this article.
To use this header file “Square.h” in MultiClass.cpp, we have to #include it (using quotes, instead of angle brackets). After including Square.h we need not forward declare the Square in Main File(Multiclass.cpp) you must remove forward declaration from main file.
Forward Declaration in Square.h
int square(int num); //This will tell the compiler that this function is written somewhere in solution.
Inclusion of Square.h in Main file(MultiClass.cpp)
#include <iostream>
#include "Square.h"
int main()
{
int num = 0;
std::cout << "The a number to find it's square: ";
std::cin >> num;
std::cout << "The square of the number" << num << " is " << square(num);
}
Include Header in the main file
If you Compile our Program, now you will see that our program works as expected
When the pre-processor processes the #include "Square.h" line, it copies all the contents of Square.h into the Main File(MultiClass.cpp) file at that point. Because our Square.h contains a forward declaration for function Square, that forward declaration will be copied into MultiClass.cpp. Which will result in a program that is essentially same as the one where we manually added the forward declaration at the top of MultiClass.cpp.
So, our program will compile and link correctly.
In Source files include their respected paired header files
In C++, code files should #include their paired header file (if one exists). In the example above, Square.cpp includes Square.h.
This allows the compiler to catch errors like different return type at compile time instead of link time
Include paired Header file in Source file
NOTE
Use double quotes to include header files that are written by you and are expected to be found in the current project directory.
Use angled brackets to include headers that come with your compiler, OS, or third-party libraries you’ve installed elsewhere on your Computer system.
Header Guards
When we first introduced header files we listed two files that it should contain that are
- A header guard
- The function declaration and macro definitions of the header file.
We learned about header files, but what about header guards? We will be covering them now.
We already know that a variable or function identifier can only have one definition. Thus, a program with multiple definitions of a variable identifier will cause a compilation error. Suppose these programs
Ex.1
int main()
{
int x; // definition for variable
int x; // compile error: you can’t have duplicate definitions
return 0;
}
Ex.2
#include <iostream>
int foo() // definition for function foo
{
return 5;
}
int foo() // compile error: : you can’t have duplicate definitions
{
return 5;
}
int main() {
std::cout << foo();
return 0;
}
These programs are easy to fix (just remove the duplicate definition), but with header files, You might end up in a situation where a definition in a header file gets included more than once. This can happen when a header file #includes another header file (which is very common).
To avoid Multiple Definitions of headers we can use Header Guards
#pragma once
Most Modern compilers including Visual Studio Community support a simple, form of header guards using the “#pragma” directive it is provided By default in Every Header File that we create in Visual Studio Community:
Square.h
#pragma once
int square(int num); //This will tell the compiler that this function is written somewhere in solution.
Using #pragma once
pragma once is a non-standard but widely supported pre-processor directive designed to cause the current source file to be included only once in a single compilation. #pragma once serves the purpose of header guards, and has the added benefit of being shorter and less error-prone.
However, #pragma once is not an official part of the C++ language, but is used very commonly, and not all compilers support it (although most modern compilers do support #pragma once). If your compiler does not support #pragma once then, You can use traditional Header guards Also Known As include Guards.
Disadvantage of #pragma once is (other than being non-CPP standard) is that if you have the same file in multiple directories then the compiler will think these are different files as #pragma do not open the file to read its content this can also be seen as an advantage as it will reduce build time.
#include Guards
An #include guard, or a Header guard or file guard, is a construct used to avoid the problem of double inclusion by using include directive.
Header guards are little pieces of code that protect the contents of a header file from being included more than once if Header Files are included in our program more than once indirectly.
Header guards can be used through the use of pre-processor directives. The C/C++ pre-processor directives that you are already familiar with are (#include, #define). The pre-processor performs some simple replacements on a file before handing it off for compilation to the compiler.
Some pre-processor directives are conditional. The #ifdef HEADER_H directive is true when HEADER_H has been defined in the code before. If the #ifdef HEADER_H directive is true, then the statements that come between the #ifdef and an #endif directive later on will be used in the program. If the #ifdef HEADER_H directive is false, then the statements from that point on will be ignored like C++ comments.
Another useful pre-processor directive is #ifndef HEADER_H. This directive is true if the HEADER_H has not been defined. If #ifndef HEADER_H is true, then the statements between the #ifndef and an #endif will be included in the program.
Header guards are implemented by using three pre-processor directives in a header file. #ifndef HEADER_H or #ifdef HEADER_H and #define HEADER_H is placed at the beginning of the file, before any code. The last #endif is placed at the end of the file.
Example of include/Header Guards
#ifndef HEADER_H
//and is followed immediately by the line
#define HEADER_H
//The line
#endif /* MY_SYMBOL_H */
//is placed at the end of the file.
Key Points
The “HEADER_H” used is not important, but it must be unique and recognizable by the programmer. It is traditional to use all caps letters for the HEADER_H. Only letters, numbers and the underscore character can be used in the HEADER_H. No other punctuation is allowed.
A HEADER_H is to use the name of the header file, converting the .h suffix to a _H. The purpose of this is to serve as a marker. If the HEADER_H is defined, then this section of code has been defined before and should not be included again. If the symbol has not been defined, then the code it is associated with has not been included. and will be included.
Using #ifndef, #define and #endif
Note
You can comment out large sections of code if you put a #if 0 at the beginning of the code to be commented and a #endif at the end.
NOTE
You should stick to traditional header guards. They aren’t much more work and they’re guaranteed to be supported on all Standard compliant compilers.
Summary
In this article, we have learned that instead of writing all the functions in same C++ file in which we have main function, we can have the functions in separate files(Source files), and instead of writing forward declaration of every function in main.cpp file we can use custom headers(Header files) and we also learned how we can avoid double definitions by inclusion of headers with the help of #pragma once and traditional Header Guards this helps in avoiding definition conflicts, and improve the reusability of code and maintaining the code much easier.
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