Describe what a runt, a giant, and a late collision are and what causes each of them.

A runt is a packet that fails to meet the minimum size standard.  Ussually below 64 bytes.  Occurs as a result of a collision.

A giant is a packet that exceeds the size standard for the medium ussually grater then 1518 bytes .   Caused by malfunctioning equipment on your network.

Late collisions are packet collisions that occur after the window
for a network collision closes.