Joins in SQL Server

Introduction

In this article, we are going to discuss Joins in SQL Server.

Joins in SQL Server

A join is used to combine columns from two or more tables into a single result set. To join data from two tables you write the names of two tables in the FROM clause along with the JOIN keyword and an ON phrase that specifies the join condition. The join condition indicates how two tables should be compared. In most cases, they are compared on the basis of the relationship between the primary key of the first table and the foreign key of the second table. In this article, I will tell you about three important joins.

• Inner Join
• Outer Join

I have two tables - A vendor table and an Advance table. This is what my database tables and data look like. I will be using these tables in my samples below.

Vendor table

Advance table

Now we are going to apply joins on these tables and see the data results.

Inner Joins in SQL Server

An inner join requires each record in the two joined tables to have a matching record. An inner join essentially combines the records from two tables (A and B) based on a given join predicate. The result of the join can be defined as the outcome of first taking the Cartesian product (or cross-join) of all records in the tables (combining every record in table A with every record in table B) - then returning all records which satisfy the join predicate.

Actual SQL implementations will normally use other approaches where possible, since computing the Cartesian product is not very efficient. This type of join occurs most commonly in applications and represents the default join type.

Explicit inner join

Use Vendor
GO

SELECT v.VendorId, v.VendorFName, v.VendorLName, a.royality, a.advance
FROM dbo.Vendor as v
INNER JOIN advance as a
ON v.VendorId = a.VendorId
WHERE v.VendorId <= 5
GO

Output

Implicit inner join

Use Vendor
GO

SELECT * FROM Vendor, advance
WHERE Vendor.VendorId = advance.VendorId AND Vendor.VendorId <= 5
GO

Output

Type of inner joins

1. Equi-Join

An equi-join, also known as an equijoin, is a specific type of comparator-based join, or theta join that uses only equality comparisons in the join-predicate. Using other comparison operators (such as <) disqualifies a join as an equi-join. The query shown above has already provided an example of an equijoin:

Example

Use Vendor

SELECT * FROM Vendor INNER JOIN advance
ON Vendor.VendorId = advance.VendorId

2. Natural Join

A natural join offers a further specialization of equi-joins. The join predicate arises implicitly by comparing all columns in both tables that have the same column name in the joined tables. The resulting joined table contains only one column for each pair of equally-named columns.

Example

Use Vendor
GO

SELECT * FROM Vendor NATURAL JOIN advance
GO

3. Cross Join

A cross joins, Cartesian join, or product provides the foundation upon which all types of inner joins operate. A cross-join returns the Cartesian product of the sets of records from the two joined tables. Thus, it equates to an inner join where the join-condition always evaluates to True or the join-condition is absent in the statement.

Example

Use Vendor

SELECT * FROM Vendor CROSS JOIN advance
GO

Use Vendor
GO

SELECT * FROM Vendor, advance
GO

Outer Joins

An outer join retrieves all rows that satisfy the join condition plus unmatched rows in one or both tables. In most cases, you use the equal operator to retrieve rows with matching columns. However, you can also use any of the other comparison operators. When a row with unmatched columns has been retrieved any columns from the other table that are included in the result are given null values.

• Note1- The OUTER keyword is optional and typically omitted
• Note 2- You can also code left outer joins and right outer joins using the implicit syntax.

Three types of outer joins.

1. Left Outer Join

The result of a left outer join (or simply left join) for tables A and B always contains all records of the "left" table (A), even if the join condition does not find any matching record in the "right" table (B). This means that if the ON clause matches 0 (zero) records in B, the join will still return a row in the result but with NULL in each column from B. This means that a left outer join returns all the values from the left table, plus matched values from the right table (or NULL in case of no matching join predicate).

Example

Use Vendor
GO

SELECT VendorFName, Vendor.VendorId, VendorLName, Advance
FROM Vendor LEFT JOIN advance
ON Vendor.VendorId = advance.VendorId
GO

Output

2. Right Outer Join

A right outer join (or right join) closely resembles a left outer join, except with the tables reversed. Every record from the "right" table (B) will appear in the joined table at least once. If no matching row from the "left" table (A) exists, NULL will appear in columns from A for those records that have no match in A.

Example

Use Vendor
GO

SELECT VendorFName, advance.VendorId, VendorLName, Advance
FROM Vendor RIGHT JOIN advance
ON Vendor.VendorId = advance.VendorId
GO

3. Full outer join

A full outer join combines the results of both left and right outer joins. The joined table will contain all records from both tables, and fill in NULLs for missing matches on either side.

Example

Use Vendor
GO

SELECT * FROM Vendor FULL OUTER JOIN advance
ON Vendor.VendorId = advance.VendorId
GO

Output

Conclusion

In this article, we learned about Joins in SQL Server with examples and different types of Joins in SQL Server.