Dynamic Row & Column Permission System | Field-Level Security and Rule Engine for Angular + .NET Applications

Introduction

Enterprise applications often deal with sensitive business data such as salary details, vendor rates, contract values, credit limits, discounts, customer confidential fields, employee performance, and audit-sensitive information.
A common requirement is:

Some users can view all rows.
Some users should see only their own rows.
Some users can see only columns A and B but not C.
Some users should see masked values instead of real values.
Some users should only be able to update certain fields.
The rules must change without redeploying the application.

This leads to the need for a Dynamic Row & Column Permission System, also known as field-level security or attribute-level access control.

In this article, you will learn how to implement a production-ready, metadata-driven, rule-based permission engine using:

Angular (front-end enforcement)
.NET Core (backend enforcement)
SQL Server (metadata store and rule definitions)

You will also understand row-level filtering, column-level masking, dynamic UI generation, and rule-driven API responses.

What problem are we solving?

Traditional RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) allows you to define:

Admin
Manager
User

But this is not enough in real-life enterprise software.
For example:

A Manager should see salary fields for employees of Department A but not Department B.
A Sales Executive can view only their assigned customers and only basic fields like Name, Phone, Email.
A Finance Officer can view all fields including invoices, outstanding amounts, and financial remarks.

Static code-based rules become impossible to maintain.

We need:

A dynamic, database-driven permission model
No code changes needed when rules change
Real-time enforcement at both UI and API layers
Metadata-driven column masking and hiding
Rule engine capable of row and column filtering

Architecture overview

Our solution follows three layers:

1. Rule Definition Layer
Admins configure rules in a database table.
Rules define which roles can access which rows and which columns.

2. Resolution Layer
At runtime, rules are resolved based on the current user, module, entity, and action.

3. Enforcement Layer

API filters rows and columns before sending data
Angular hides or masks columns
Updates are validated using rule engine

Workflow diagram (conceptual)

           +---------------------------+
           |         Angular UI        |
           |  Table, Forms, Masked UI  |
           +------------+--------------+
                        |
                        v
             Request for Data (User)
                        |
                        v
           +----------------------------+
           |        .NET API            |
           | Permission Resolution      |
           | Row Filter + Column Mask   |
           +------------+---------------+
                        |
                        v
           +----------------------------+
           |       Database Rules       |
           | Row Rules + Column Rules   |
           +----------------------------+
                        |
                        v
                 Filtered Result
                        |
                        v
              Returned to Angular

Flowchart: rule resolution

Start
  |
  v
User Makes Request
  |
  v
Fetch User Roles
  |
  v
Load Permission Rules for Entity
  |
  +--> No rules found? Allow all (default)
  |
  v
Apply Row-Level Rules
  |
  v
Apply Column-Level Rules
  |
  v
Apply Masking Rules
  |
  v
Return Filtered and Masked Data
  |
  v
End

Designing rule metadata (sql server)

table: PermissionEntity

Column	Type	Description
EntityId	int	Unique identifier for a domain entity (e.g., Employee, Invoice)
EntityName	nvarchar(200)

table: PermissionRole

table: PermissionRowRule

Column	Type	Description
RowRuleId	bigint
EntityId	int
RoleId	int
Condition	nvarchar(max)	SQL condition e.g., `DepartmentId = @UserDepartmentId`

table: PermissionColumnRule

Column	Type	Description
ColumnRuleId	bigint
EntityId	int
RoleId	int
ColumnName	nvarchar(200)
PermissionType	tinyint	1=Show, 2=Hide, 3=Mask
MaskFormat	nvarchar(50)	Optional masking rule

table: UserRole

How row permissions work

Row permissions rely on SQL-level conditions.

Examples:

Salesperson:

OwnerUserId = @UserId

Manager:

DepartmentId = @UserDepartmentId

Finance Admin:

1=1   // Full access

How column permissions work

Examples:

Hide Salary for non-HR roles:

ColumnName = 'Salary'PermissionType = Hide

Mask Employee Email for non-admin:

MaskFormat = '[email protected]'

Resolving rules (backend)

fetching applicable rules

public async Task<ResolvedPermissions> ResolveAsync(long userId, string entity)
{
    var roles = await _repo.GetUserRoles(userId);
    var entityId = await _repo.GetEntityId(entity);

    var rowRules = await _repo.GetRowRules(entityId, roles);
    var columnRules = await _repo.GetColumnRules(entityId, roles);

    return new ResolvedPermissions
    {
        RowRules = rowRules,
        ColumnRules = columnRules
    };
}

Applying row rules

public IQueryable<T> ApplyRowRules<T>(IQueryable<T> query, List<RowRule> rules, UserContext user)
{
    foreach (var rule in rules)
    {
        var sql = rule.Condition
                      .Replace("@UserId", user.UserId.ToString())
                      .Replace("@UserDepartmentId", user.DepartmentId.ToString());

        query = query.Where(sql);
    }

    return query;
}

Applying column rules before returning json

public object ApplyColumnRules(object data, List<ColumnRule> rules)
{
    var dict = JObject.FromObject(data);

    foreach (var rule in rules)
    {
        if (rule.PermissionType == PermissionType.Hide)
        {
            dict.Remove(rule.ColumnName);
        }
        else if (rule.PermissionType == PermissionType.Mask)
        {
            dict[rule.ColumnName] = rule.MaskFormat;
        }
    }

    return dict;
}

Angular front-end enforcement

Dynamic column configuration

Angular must hide/mask columns based on metadata returned from the API.

API returns:

{"data": [ ... ],"columnPermissions": {
    "Salary": "HIDE",
    "Email": "MASK",
    "Address": "SHOW"}}

Angular smart-table component

applyColumnPermissions() {
  for (const col of this.columns) {
    const permission = this.columnPermissions[col.field];

    if (permission === 'HIDE') {
      col.hidden = true;
    }

    if (permission === 'MASK') {
      col.mask = true;
    }
  }
}

Template logic

<td *ngIf="!col.hidden">
  <ng-container *ngIf="!col.mask">
    {{ row[col.field] }}
  </ng-container>
  <ng-container *ngIf="col.mask">
    ****** 
  </ng-container>
</td>

Masking patterns

Common patterns:

Email Mask:
[email protected] → j***@example.com
Salary Mask:
65800 → xxxxx
Phone Mask:
9876543210 → 98******10
Conditional Mask
Mask only if user is not owner.

Integrating with .net middleware

Use middleware to pre-resolve permissions for each request.

public class PermissionMiddleware
{
    private readonly RequestDelegate _next;

    public PermissionMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
    {
        _next = next;
    }

    public async Task Invoke(HttpContext context, IPermissionService service)
    {
        var userId = context.User.GetUserId();
        var entity = context.Request.GetEntity();

        var permissions = await service.ResolveAsync(userId, entity);

        context.Items["Permissions"] = permissions;

        await _next(context);
    }
}

Securing update and delete actions

Backend must check:

Is user allowed to update this row?
Is user allowed to change this column?

Validating patch operations

public void ValidateUpdate(object oldData, object newData, List<ColumnRule> rules)
{
    foreach (var rule in rules)
    {
        if (rule.PermissionType == PermissionType.Hide)
        {
            // Treat hidden columns as read-only
            if (!JToken.DeepEquals(oldData[rule.ColumnName], newData[rule.ColumnName]))
                throw new UnauthorizedAccessException($"{rule.ColumnName} is read-only.");
        }
    }
}

Security best practices

API must enforce rules, Angular enforcement is optional.
Never send hidden fields to the browser.
Rule engine must be cached for performance.
Row rules should use parameterised queries.
Use audit logging for every access and change.
Masking on backend is more secure than UI masking.

Performance optimisations

Cache user roles
Cache resolved entity-level rules
Precompile rule conditions
Use Expression Trees instead of SQL strings for filtering
Paginate filtered results

Real-world examples

HRMS System

HR can view full employee profile
Manager can view only name, department, attendance
Employee can view only self

Sales CRM

Salesperson sees only own customers
Manager sees region-wise customers
Finance user sees credit limits and financial comments
Sales cannot see financial fields

ERP Procurement

Vendor pricing visible only to purchase team
Inventory team sees only stock-related columns

Testing strategy

Backend tests

Rule resolution for each role
Row filtering correctness
Column masking correctness
Update permissions
Blocked operations

Frontend tests

Column hiding logic
Masking logic
Dynamic table generation

Integration tests

API-level rule enforcement
Real user roles & real data scenarios

Summary

A Dynamic Row & Column Permission System is a critical enterprise requirement.
It provides:

Fine-grained access control
Secure data exposure
Metadata-driven rule configuration
Flexible business policies without code changes
Field-level masking and hiding
Runtime rule enforcement across UI and API layers

This article demonstrated a complete, production-ready solution using:

Angular for dynamic UI enforcement
ASP.NET Core for backend rule application
SQL Server for centralized metadata rules
Rule engine for field-level and row-level access