Temporary Table and Derived Table

A derived table is something like this -

Derived Table: 
SELECT *
FROM 
        ( SELECT innerFieldNames FROM tableName
   WHERE conditionsComeHere  ) AS derivedTableName
WHERE finalCondionComeHere
ORDER BY orderByColumnListIfRequired

Temporary Table:
And temporary tables are like normal tables and physically created in tempdb on which you can do indexing for faster searching etc. Its scope is limited to current session. And you can not have foreign key constraints on temporary tables.

You create temp table as-

CREATE TABLE #tmpTableNameAlwasyBeginsWithHash
(
        AutoID int IDENTITY,
        FieldName varchar(50)
)

So you can use these two as per your requirement. 

Table Variable:
Table variable is a special kind of variable which is like a table. You can't apply indexes on it. Transactions are not maintained. Also it is stored in memory as it is a variable. Generally it is used for less no of records and in dynamic queries. You can create table variable as-

DECLARE @tableVariableName TABLE
(
        FieldName varchar(50)
)