Resources  
  • Building a GA4 to Power BI Data Pipeline Using Snowflake and dbt (Medallion Architecture)Aug 04, 2025. This POC demonstrates how to build a scalable data pipeline using GA4, Snowflake, dbt, and Power BI, following Medallion Architecture to ensure data quality, modularity, and insightful visualizations.
  • Cross-Browser Testing with PlaywrightAug 01, 2025. Cross-browser testing ensures that web applications function correctly across different web browsers. It helps identify inconsistencies in layout, behavior, and performance that may arise due to browser-specific implementations.
  • Chapter 8: Introduction to the Document Object Model (DOM)Jul 30, 2025. Learn how the DOM allows JavaScript to interact with and manipulate web pages using nodes. This chapter covers element selection, modification, event handling, and dynamic content creation for interactive websites.
  • Data-Driven Testing with PlaywrightJul 30, 2025. Data-driven testing allows you to run the same test logic with multiple sets of input data. This is especially useful for validating: - Login scenarios - Form submissions - Search filters - Edge case handling
  • Events and Event Handlers in JavascriptJul 17, 2025. Learn how JavaScript events and handlers make web pages interactive. From mouse clicks to form inputs, master event-driven programming for responsive, user-friendly websites with real-time user interaction.
  • Create and Update SharePoint List Items in SPFx Using PnPjsJul 14, 2025. Learn how to create and update SharePoint list items in an SPFx web part using the latest PnPjs (spfi). Includes step-by-step examples for all field types, including lookup, people, multi-choice, and more.
  • Designing & Retaining HIPAA Audit Logs: Best Practices for DevelopersJul 12, 2025. Learn how to implement comprehensive HIPAA audit logging—what PHI events to capture, how to store logs immutably, retention requirements, and real-time monitoring for compliance and security.
  • What is Node.js ArchitectureJul 09, 2025. Node.js is a fast and lightweight runtime that executes JavaScript on the server side. Its single-threaded, event-driven, non-blocking architecture makes it ideal for real-time, scalable, and efficient web applications.
  • Canva for Web Design: Create Like a Pro Without CodingJul 02, 2025. Design stunning websites without coding! Canva's drag-and-drop builder, templates, mobile-ready designs, and collaboration tools make it ideal for beginners, creators, and small businesses to quickly and easily build web pages.
  • Understanding Event Loop, Callbacks, and Promises in Node.js Jul 02, 2025. Learn how Node.js handles asynchronous operations using the event loop, callbacks, promises, and async/await. Understand microtasks, macrotasks, and how to write clean, non-blocking async code.
  • Why Node.js is Non-Blocking: Event Queue, Loop, and Emitters ExplainedJul 01, 2025. Have you ever wondered how Node.js can handle thousands of users at once, all while running on a single thread? The secret lies in its non-blocking, event-driven architecture-powered by the event loop, event queue, and EventEmitter.
  • Building an AI-Powered Quiz Generator with React and Gemini AIJun 30, 2025. Build custom quizzes on any topic using Google's Gemini AI with this modern React app. Features include difficulty settings, real-time feedback, explanations, and smooth deployment via GitHub Pages.
  • Main Features of Node.js – Explained SimplyJun 30, 2025. Node.js is a fast, open-source runtime for server-side JavaScript. Its single-threaded, non-blocking, event-driven architecture makes it ideal for building scalable, high-performance, real-time applications across platforms.
  • Next.js App Router Explained: The Modern Way to Build RoutesJun 27, 2025. Learn how to use Next.js App Router—a modern routing system using the `/app` directory. It supports layouts, nested routes, loading states, dynamic paths, and more for scalable, organized applications.
  • Real-Time Azure Digital Twins: Building a Scalable NDJSON Solution with Event-Driven ArchitectureJun 23, 2025. This article shows how to build a real-time system that keeps digital twins (virtual copies of physical machines) updated instantly using Microsoft Azure cloud services.
  • You’re Using useState for That? CuteJun 15, 2025. Tired of useState management in complex components? useReducer is way for building structured, scalable state management in React + TypeScript.
  • 🧠 What is Event Bubbling?Jun 09, 2025. You're sitting inside a small room (a <button>), which is inside a bigger room (a <div>), which is inside an even bigger hall (<body>).Now, someone knocks on the innermost room's door (you click the button ). That knock doesn’t just stop there — it echoes outward to the next room, then the next, all the way out.
  • Wrapper Component to Consumer Component: That’s a Wrap!Jun 09, 2025. This article breaks down how wrapper components work in React, showing you how to build flexible, reusable UI pieces without losing your mind or your types. Learn how to pass props, handle refs, and keep your components clean and powerful.
  • useRef: The React Hook You’re Sleeping OnJun 06, 2025. Learn how React’s useRef hook helps you persist values and directly access DOM elements across renders. Perfect for managing focus, timers, or mutable state without triggering UI updates.
  • Understanding useState in ReactJun 04, 2025. How React hooks really work, and how to use them like someone who knows what they're doing. From basics to real-world cases.
  • React Children! Yeah, That’s What They CalledJun 01, 2025. You’ve seen children all over React code, but no one told you how to actually use it well. This is your real-world guide to doing it right, less theory, more code you’d actually ship.
  • Interfaces vs Types in TypeScriptMay 29, 2025. Don’t waste another hour arguing over type vs interface. Here's what matters, what doesn't, and how to pick the right one without overthinking it.
  • How to Pass Functions & Params in React + TypeScriptMay 27, 2025. You’re passing functions around like candy in your React app, but when TypeScript throws a tantrum, you start hacking with any or begging Google for help. Let’s fix that.
  • Why You Should Use Domain-Driven Design in Your Real ProjectsMay 27, 2025. Discover why Domain-Driven Design (DDD) is essential for real-world projects. Learn how it helps tackle complex business logic, improve code structure, and align software with business goals.
  • One Cool Trick in React: MemoMay 26, 2025. There is no need to re-render child components every time value on parent component changed, that's where React brings memo.
  • Create React TS Apps with CRA & ViteMay 22, 2025. Learn how to set up your first React + TypeScript apps in VSCode using CRA and Vite. Follow simple steps to get started fast with both popular tools.
  • Let's Start with React ComponentsMay 22, 2025. Learn the basics of React components and how they help build dynamic user interfaces. This beginner-friendly guide introduces you to functional components, props, and component structures to kickstart your journey in React development.
  • Sir, This Is a TypeScript FunctionMay 21, 2025. Functions are one of the most fundamental concepts in programming. They’re where your application’s logic lives and in TypeScript, they’re even more powerful thanks to static typing.
  • Understanding Types in TypeScriptMay 15, 2025. Explore the different types in TypeScript, including primitives, union and intersection types, type aliases, interfaces, and generics.
  • Event-Driven CQRS with C# 14 and the SQL Outbox PatternMay 15, 2025. Learn how to implement a reliable event-driven CQRS microservice using the SQL Outbox Pattern with C# 14. Ensure strong consistency, transactional event publishing, and fail-safe asynchronous processing for scalable distributed systems.
  • TypeScript: Strong Types and Where to Find Them?May 09, 2025. TypeScript is a typed version of JavaScript that helps catch errors early and improve code quality. Let me explains what it is, why it’s useful, and how to get started.
  • Implementing Event-Driven Architectures with Kafka, RabbitMQ, or Azure Service Bus (Comparisons, Pros, and Cons)May 06, 2025. Event-driven architecture (EDA) enables scalable, decoupled, and resilient systems using message brokers like Apache Kafka, RabbitMQ, and Azure Service Bus. Each offers unique features for different use cases.
  • Storing Event Streams in a Database Using Cosmos DB with C#May 03, 2025. This article covers real-time data ingestion, NoSQL storage design, and integration with event-driven architectures—ideal for developers building scalable and responsive cloud applications with .NET and Azure.
  • Introduction to Event Driven Architecture [EDA]Apr 15, 2025. Event-driven architecture (EDA) is a software design pattern where decoupled components communicate via events. It enables real-time, scalable, and flexible systems, commonly used in microservices, IoT, payment processing, and real-time analytics.
  • Overview of RadioButtonList ControlApr 15, 2025. Learn how to use RadioButtonList in ASP.NET WebForms, including its layout types (Horizontal, Vertical, Flow, Table), binding data from C# List, database tables, and manually added items. Also, discover JavaScript integration and best practices.
  • How Event-Driven Architecture Boosts ScalabilityApr 03, 2025. Event-driven architecture (EDA) enables scalable, decoupled systems using asynchronous event communication. It enhances flexibility and responsiveness but introduces complexity in event management and debugging.
  • How Go Improves TypeScript Compilation & ToolingMar 14, 2025. TypeScript's migration to a Go-based compiler boosts performance with faster builds, parallelized type-checking, and improved memory efficiency. Developers enjoy a seamless workflow with enhanced tooling.
  • How to use Apple’s new ‘Invites’ App?Mar 05, 2025. Apple has launched Invites, an app that simplifies creating personalized event invitations on iPhones and the web. Users can design and share invites, manage RSVPs, and curate event soundtracks.
  • How to Use SQS as an Event Source for AWS LambdaMar 04, 2025. Learn how to use Amazon SQS as an event source for AWS Lambda to build scalable, event-driven applications.
  • Domain Events & Pub/Sub Pattern: Manual Implementation vs MediatRFeb 27, 2025. Domain events and the publish/subscribe pattern are essential for building decoupled, scalable, and maintainable systems. Whether we're working on a microservices architecture or a modular monolith, these patterns help us manage complexity and enforce boundaries between components.
  • Different Type of Modern Function in JavaScriptFeb 14, 2025. Explore JavaScript's modern functions, including arrow functions, async/await, and anonymous functions. This article covers IIFE, event handlers, and promises with practical examples for efficient coding in JavaScript.
  • Create and Convert Word to PDF in OneDrive Using Power AppsFeb 04, 2025. Create a Canvas App to upload a Word document to OneDrive and convert it to PDF using Power Automate. Utilize Media Control, OnSelect events, and Power Automate flow to create, convert, and store the file seamlessly.
  • Learn about Delegates And EventsJan 20, 2025. Delegates and events are key concepts in C#. A delegate is a variable that holds a reference to a method, allowing flexible method calls. Events use the publisher-subscriber model, where a publisher triggers an event and subscribers handle it.
  • Crafting Clean and Efficient Angular Apps with PipesJan 07, 2025. In Angular, one of the most powerful features for transforming and formatting data within templates is the use of "pipes". Pipes provide a declarative way to process data before it is displayed to the user, enabling developers to apply transformations such as formatting dates and changing text cases.
  • Best way of implementing Domain-driven design, Clean Architecture and CQRSDec 28, 2024. Domain-Driven Design (DDD), Clean Architecture, CQRS, and software design principles emphasize building scalable, maintainable systems. Key concepts include aggregates, events, repositories, and factories, with real-world GitHub examples for practice.
  • Debouncing and ThrottlingDec 20, 2024. Debouncing and throttling are techniques used to optimize event handling in web development. They help control the frequency of function calls triggered by events like scrolling or typing. Debouncing delays execution until the event settles, while throttling limits function calls to a fixed rate.
  • Integrating SQS with Lambda using Event Source MappingDec 16, 2024. This setup allows Lambda functions to automatically trigger in response to messages in an SQS queue, providing a serverless, scalable solution for asynchronous processing and efficient message handling in AWS.
  • Getting Started with React: A Simple GuideDec 11, 2024. Learn the Basics of React and How to Start Building Web Applications
  • Real-Time Notifications in Amazon Aurora PostgreSQLDec 10, 2024. In this article, we are going to learn about Implement real-time notifications (Transactional Outbox Pattern) in Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL
  • Leveraging TypeScript Decorators for Modern Web DevelopmentDec 08, 2024. Explore the role of TypeScript decorators in modern web development. Learn how decorators enhance code readability, simplify logic, and support powerful metadata features.
  • Transactional Outbox PatternDec 07, 2024. The Transactional Outbox Pattern ensures data consistency in distributed systems by storing events in an outbox table within the database. It simplifies reliable messaging, enabling seamless communication between microservices while avoiding the complexity of two-phase commits.
  • filter(x => !!x) in typescriptDec 06, 2024. a feature of TypeScript.
  • How to Use Microsoft Teams for Project ManagementNov 28, 2024. Microsoft Teams simplifies project management by integrating task management, real-time communication, and collaboration. Use Planner for tasks, schedule check-ins, and keep your team organized with chat updates and meetings.
  • Learn To Use FileSystemWatcher in .NET 9Nov 27, 2024. This article covers the setup, key features, and practical examples for tracking events like the creation, modification, deletion, and renaming of files or folders, making your file-handling tasks seamless and efficient.
  • Quick Summary of Microsoft Ignite 2024 with Copilot StudioNov 25, 2024. Discover key announcements, innovative AI tools, and productivity features that are transforming the Microsoft ecosystem. Explore how Copilot Studio empowers developers and businesses to achieve more effortlessly.
  • Azure Logic AppNov 10, 2024. In this article, we will learn about Azure Logic Apps, which is a cloud-based service that enables users to create automated workflows and integrate applications, data, and services across the cloud and on-premises.
  • Creating Interactive Charts with Chart.js and TypeScriptNov 10, 2024. To create a responsive chart in a TypeScript application, use Chart.js—a popular library for data visualization. Set up your TypeScript project, install Chart.js and its types, and configure Webpack for bundling.
  • How to Sort a List of Objects in TypeScript by PropertyNov 09, 2024. This guide covers sorting lists of objects in TypeScript, with examples for sorting by string, numeric, and date properties. It demonstrates using the sort() method, localeCompare for strings, custom sorting functions for dates and numbers, and multi-property sorting techniques.
  • Mastering Basic Arithmetic Operations in Web DevelopmentNov 08, 2024. Build a simple web-based calculator that performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. This project utilizes HTML for structure, CSS for styling, and JavaScript for interactivity.
  • Map, Filter and Reduce in TypeScript with ExamplesOct 30, 2024. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of these essential functions, complete with practical examples to illustrate their use in real-world applications. Enhance your coding skills and streamline data manipulation with TypeScript today.
  • TypeScript for advanced type inference in ReactOct 23, 2024. In this article, Ziggy Rafiq discusses advanced type inference techniques in React with TypeScript, focusing on hooks and JSX elements.
  • TypeScript Object SpreadOct 10, 2024. Object spread in TypeScript allows for copying properties of objects or arrays using the spread operator (...), with later objects overwriting properties with the same name, and it can also be used to combine arrays or insert elements at specific positions.
  • TypeScript Essential FeaturesOct 07, 2024. TypeScript offers essential features that enhance JavaScript development, including static typing, type inference, and support for interfaces and generics. It provides tools like classes, enums, and modules, enabling better code structure.
  • TypeScript command 'tsc' not running in Terminal and PowerShellOct 06, 2024. This series of articles will discuss a specific feature for PowerShell programming.
  • IoC Providers in Angular Dependency Injection useClass Oct 03, 2024. This article dives into Angular's Dependency Injection, focusing on the use of IoC and providers with useClass. Learn how to manually inject classes, define tokens with InjectionToken, and configure services using Angular's ApplicationConfig. Explore examples with ManualService and ManualServiceWithLog.
  • The Property '__metadata' Does Not Exist on Type 'SP.Data.SPLibraryItemOct 01, 2024. This content addresses the error message "The property '__metadata' does not exist on type 'SP.Data.SPLibraryItem'." It explores the implications of this TypeScript error in SharePoint development, highlighting potential causes such as type mismatches or missing attributes.
  • Create a Desktop Application with Angular Electron FrameworkSep 17, 2024. Learn how to create or convert an existing application to a Desktop application with the Electron framework. Convert an Angular application into a cross-platform desktop app using the Electron framework, covering steps like installation, configuration, and packaging for Windows.
  • Explaning SignalR in ASP.NET Core 8Sep 17, 2024. Learn about setting up SignalR hubs, managing connections, and utilizing WebSocket and Server-Sent Events for efficient, scalable messaging in .NET 8 environments.
  • Build Microsoft Teams Bot Extension Using TypeScriptSep 11, 2024. Learn to build a Microsoft Teams Bot Extension with TypeScript in this guide. You'll set up your environment using Node.js and Visual Studio Code, create a bot with Teams Toolkit, and deploy it using Azure. Perfect for enhancing Teams with custom bots for improved communication and productivity.
  • Detailed use of Action Delegate in C#Sep 11, 2024. In C#, the Action delegate represents a method that does not return a value and can accept up to 16 parameters. It's useful for passing methods as arguments, callbacks, and event handling. It supports lambda expressions and anonymous methods, making code more concise. Unlike Func<T>, Action always returns void.
  • Integrating AngularJS with jQuery Select2 for Dropdown ChangesSep 02, 2024. Integrating AngularJS with jQuery Select2 enhances dropdown menus by combining AngularJS’s data binding with Select2’s advanced features. This setup involves initializing Select2 with AngularJS, handling dropdown changes, and synchronizing Angular models.
  • Sharing Data from Child to Parent in Angular 18Aug 24, 2024. In this walkthrough, you'll learn how to send data from a child component to a parent component in Angular using the @Output decorator and EventEmitter. You'll create a simple Angular project, define a child component to emit data and update the parent component to receive and display this data.
  • Event-Driven Microservices with .NET CoreAug 20, 2024. Build scalable, resilient microservices with .NET Core and MediatR by implementing event-driven architecture. This approach decouples services, enhances scalability, and simplifies maintenance. Learn to handle events, configure dependency injection, and expand your architecture.
  • Learn Advanced CQRS with .NET CoreAug 20, 2024. Dive into the advanced implementation of the Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS) pattern using .NET Core and MediatR. This article explains the benefits of CQRS in modern application development and includes practical code examples in C#.
  • Learn Server-Sent Events in C# .NETAug 14, 2024. Server-Sent Events (SSE) in C# .NET enable real-time, one-way communication from server to client over HTTP, ideal for live updates like notifications or data streaming. Unlike WebSockets, SSE is simpler, requiring only server-side implementation.
  • Optimizing JavaScript with DebouncingAug 13, 2024. This guide delves into optimizing JavaScript performance using debouncing techniques, which help prevent excessive function calls during high-frequency events like scrolling or resizing.
  • Stream Conversations with Amazon Bedrock API in .NET Console AppAug 12, 2024. Learn how to create a .NET console application that streams conversations using the Amazon Bedrock Converse API with the Anthropic Claude 3 Sonnet model. This guide covers setting up your AWS environment, configuring Visual Studio, and using the AWS SDK to handle streaming conversations and model responses.
  • JavaScript vs TypeScript File Extensions: .js .jsx .ts .tsxAug 08, 2024. Unlock the mysteries behind JavaScript and TypeScript file extensions with this comprehensive guide. Learn the differences between .js, .jsx, .ts, and .tsx files, and understand how each plays a crucial role in modern web development.
  • Tips to Learn Angular QuicklyAug 08, 2024. To learn Angular quickly, leverage your existing knowledge of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Focus on core Angular concepts like Components, Routing, Guards, Data Binding, Template Forms, and Services. Utilize Angular CLI for efficient project management and familiarize yourself with TypeScript for strong typing.
  • Routing in React JS with TypeScriptAug 08, 2024. Routing is a crucial feature for single-page applications (SPA) as it allows navigation between different views or pages without reloading the entire application. React Router is the most popular library for handling routing in React applications.
  • Using Next.js with TypeScriptAug 07, 2024. Integrating TypeScript with Next.js enhances code quality by adding static types. Start by creating a Next.js project, then install TypeScript and necessary type definitions. Configure tsconfig.json, convert JavaScript files to TypeScript and handle props and state using TypeScript interfaces.
  • Detailed explanation of SQL Server Triggers and its AdvantagesAug 06, 2024. SQL Server triggers are automated stored procedures that execute in response to specific database events such as INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE (DML) and CREATE, ALTER, or DROP (DDL). They enforce business rules, maintain referential integrity, and log changes, ensuring data consistency and centralized logic.
  • CQRS Design Pattern and Its Use CaseAug 05, 2024. In this article, we will explore its use cases in microservices and domain-driven design, focusing on event sourcing, command and query handling, and optimized data management.
  • How to Use async in jQuery When Calling an API Using AjaxJul 30, 2024. Learn how to use async and await in jQuery to streamline API calls with Ajax. This guide covers setting up an HTML page, creating a JavaScript file for async operations, handling errors with try-catch blocks, and updating the UI with fetched data. Simplify asynchronous code and improve readability.
  • How to Show and Hide Password in AngularJul 25, 2024. Enhance your Angular forms by adding a show/hide password toggle feature. Just like a light switch that lets you see if a room is lit or dark, this feature allows users to reveal or hide their password for better accuracy.
  • Explain Adding a Loader in Next.jsJul 24, 2024. Adding loaders in a Next.js app enhances user experience by showing visual cues during data fetching and page transitions. Create a Loader component with CSS for styling and use it globally or locally to manage loading states. This approach improves performance and user feedback.
  • Implementing CQRS and Event Sourcing with .NET CoreJul 19, 2024. This article explores implementing CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) and Event Sourcing with .NET Core. It covers the basics of CQRS and Event Sourcing, including commands, queries, and event storage.
  • Angular vs. AngularJS: Key Differences and Syntax ChangesJul 15, 2024. AngularJS revolutionized web development with two-way data binding and a modular approach. Angular (2+) addresses performance issues, offering a modern framework with enhanced features like robust dependency injection, improved data binding, and a powerful CLI.
  • JavaScript – Events Bubbling – IllustratedJul 11, 2024. Explore the intricacies of JavaScript event handling with a detailed exploration of event bubbling. This illustrated guide delves into how events propagate through the DOM, from capturing to bubbling phases.
  • Dynamics 365 Customer Service: Disable the Resolve Case buttonJul 11, 2024. This article guides you on restricting customer service associates from resolving cases with open activities or child cases in Dynamics 365. By creating a JavaScript Web Resource and customizing the Case form, you can enable or disable the "Resolve Case" button based on the status of related activities and cases.
  • Creating a complete CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) application in Angular Jul 10, 2024. Build a CRUD application in Angular using Angular CLI for setup, components for UI, services for data management with HttpClient for API interactions. Implement CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) with a Todo model, integrating JSON Server for backend simulation.
  • Custom Controls in C# Windows FormsJul 08, 2024. Creating custom controls in C# Windows Forms enhances user experience by providing tailored functionalities. This guide covers deriving controls, combining multiple controls into composite ones, and implementing owner-drawn controls.
  • AngularJS: Numbers Text Validation and cbTooltip in ASP.NETJul 04, 2024. "In AngularJs applications, custom directives like allowOnlyNumber and allowOnlyText ensure input validation for numeric and text data, enhancing user interaction. Implementing cbTooltip with Bootstrap enriches UX by providing tooltips.
  • Understanding Data Binding in AngularJun 28, 2024. Data Binding in Angular" explores the foundational concepts and practical applications of binding data between components and views in Angular applications. It covers two-way and one-way binding mechanisms, including interpolation and property binding.
  • Styling in React with Styled Components and TypeScriptJun 26, 2024. Using Styled Components and TypeScript, Ziggy Rafiq illustrates how to enhance the styling of React applications. With Styled Components, you can write CSS in JavaScript, simplifying the management of styles in a modular and reusable way. When combined with TypeScript, your code will be type-safe and easier to maintain.
  • Type-Safe Routing in React with React Router and TypeScriptJun 24, 2024. This insightful guide by Ziggy Rafiq explains how React Router and TypeScript can be used to achieve type-safe routing in React applications. Set up static routes using TypeScript's robust type system, maximizing compile-time safety and reducing runtime errors by leveraging TypeScript's robust type system.
  • Calculate and Display Total Amount Based on Checkbox StatesJun 21, 2024. In web applications, event binding detects changes in checkboxes named advamount and Rentalamount, enabling dynamic updates based on user interaction. This involves managing the checkbox states to track which financial components are selected.
  • Learn Action and Func Delegates in C#Jun 19, 2024. Learn about Action and Func delegates in C# to master delegate usage for different scenarios. Action delegates are for methods that return void, while Func delegates handle methods with return values.
  • How To Creating a Live Chat App Using Socket.IO and Node.jsJun 13, 2024. Discover how to create a real-time chat app with Socket.IO and Node.js. This tutorial guides you through setting up the server, building the frontend, and enabling instant messaging between users. Ideal for modern web development, enhancing user interaction, and building scalable network applications.
  • Learn Webhook vs. Callback URLJun 13, 2024. Webhooks and callback URLs are key in web development, enabling real-time updates and automatic interactions. Webhooks push data on specific events, used in real-time notifications and CI/CD. Callback URLs, crucial in OAuth and API integrations, expect responses at specified URLs.