Team Site - The most common SharePoint site template to collaborate, organize, create, and share information and documents.

Blog - A site on which a user or group of users write opinions and share information.

Developer Site - This site template is used by Developers for Office Apps development.

Project Site - This site template is used for managing and collaborating on a project.
Document Center - It is used to centrally manage documents in enterprise.
eDiscovery Center - It is used to manage, search and export content for legal investigations.

Records Center - This site is used to submit and find important documents that should be stored for long-term archival.

Community Site - It is a Site where the community members can explore, discover content and discuss common topics.

Business Intelligence Center - This site is used for providing access to Business Intelligence content in SharePoint.

Enterprise Search Center - This site delivers an enterprise search experience. Users can access the enterprise search center to perform general searches, people searches, conversation or video searches.

My Site Host - This site is used for creating public profile pages and personal sites.

Community Portal - It is used for discovering new communities across the enterprise.

Basic Search Center - This site is used for delivering the basic search.

Visio Process Repository - It allows you sharing and viewing Visio process diagrams.

Publishing Portal - It is used for either internet application or intranet portals.

Enterprise Wiki - This is used for publishing knowledge.

Product Catalog - This is used for displaying information as catalogs.