Introduction

I appeared for an interview that was for 2 years of experience and had 4 technical rounds. Here my purpose is to share the questions that I encountered. However, I have given brief answers just for reference.

Question 1: Get the highest-earning salesman in each department.

Orders table
OrderId int Checked
Deptno int Checked
Amount int Checked

sales table
orderId int Checked
salesmanId int Checked

Answer

select salesmanId, Deptno from sales inner join orders on sales.orderId=orders.OrderId where the amount in (select MAX(Amount) from sales inner join orders on sales.orderId=orders.OrderId group by Deptno)

Question 2: When will union and union all behave the same?


Answer

Union will give a record only once even if it occurs several times. Union all will give a record as many times as it occurs. So union and union all will behave the same when each record is distinct in all the participating tables.

select name, id from Emp1 union select name, id from Emp2

select name, id from Emp1 union all select name, id from Emp2

Case 1

Emp1

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2

Emp2

ID Name
21 p1
22 p2

Union Output and union all output:

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2
13 p2
14 p2

Case 2

Emp1

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2
11 N1

Emp2

ID Name
21 p1
22 p2

Union all output:

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2
11 N1
21 p1
22 p2

Union output:

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2
21 p1
22 p2

Case 3

Emp1

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2

Emp2

ID Name
21 p1
22 p2
12 N2

Union all output:

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2
21 p1
22 p2
12 N2

Union output:

ID Name
11 N1
12 N2
21 p1
22 p2

In case 1 both union and union will behave the same. But, for case 2 and case 3 union and union, all will behave differently.

Question 3: What are SQL joins?

Answer

If you want to learn more about SQL Joins, check out SQL Joins.

Question 4: When does a session actually start?

Answer

A session actually starts when a visitor requests your site for the first time. A new session starts when the request doesn't contain any SessionID or the sessionID references an expired session. The Session_OnStart event in Global.asax can be used for tracking session-related information.

Question 5: How is a session maintained?

Answer

When a web app is requested for the first time, the server creates a sessionID and saves it in the cookie of the client browser. This sessionID is sent to the server in all the subsequent requests. If cookieless is made true, sessionID is sent in the URL else the cookie file is sent. This way the session is maintained with SessionID.

Question 6: What are the various session modes in ASP.NET?

Question 7: You have a user control that has 2 fields. The user will enter data and you need to validate this data and show valid/invalid data in a page. Tell the various ways to do this.

user control

Answer

You can cache the element on the page, process data on the user control, and then write the response on the cached element. This can be done by both AJAX and postback.

Question 8: Write a method to reverse each word of a string without using predefined functions. You can use ToCharArray().

Answer

private static string ReverseEachWord(string StringToReverse)  
{  
   StringToReverse += " ";  
   StringBuilder ReversedString = new StringBuilder();  
   char[] ArrStr = StringToReverse.ToCharArray();  
   StringBuilder WordToReverse = new StringBuilder();  
   StringBuilder ReversedWord = new StringBuilder();  
   foreach(char Temp in ArrStr)  
   {   
      if(Temp != ' ')  
      {  
         WordToReverse.Append(Temp);  
      }  
      else  
      {  
         for(int i=WordToReverse.Length-1; i>=0 ; i--)  
         {  
            ReversedWord.Append(WordToReverse[i]);  
         }  
         if(ReversedString.Length == 0)  
         {  
            ReversedString.Append(ReversedWord);  
         }  
         else  
         {  
            ReversedString.Append(" " + ReversedWord);  
         }  
         WordToReverse = new StringBuilder();  
         ReversedWord = new StringBuilder();  
      }  
   }  
   return ReversedString.ToString();   
}

Question 9: Name the ActionResults you know

Answer

Question 10: What are Html helpers?

Answer

Html helpers are like ASP controls, but these are lightweight.

Question 11: Why do we need HTTP handlers and models?

Answer

To process requests in a way different than the regular IIS way.

Question 12: The default order in which the view is searched

Answer

If Home/Index is requested, views will be searched in the following order:

~/Views/Home/Index.cshtml
~/Views/Shared/Index.cshtml
~/Views/Shared/Home/Index.cshtml

Question 13: Session.Abandon() vs Clear()

Answer

Session.Abandon() destroys the current session by firing a Session_End event. It releases the SessionState object and its items to free the resources.

Session.Clear( ) just clears the session data (gives a null value to the session) without killing it. It still holds the SessionState and the resources associated with it.

Session ID will remain the same in both of the cases as long as the browser is not closed.

session

Question 14: What are the various ways to send data from a controller to view?

Answer

Question 15: How to retain a TempData value

Answer

Using Peek and Keep.

If you read the TempData and then call the Keep() or you read the TempData by using Peek(), the TempData will be persisted.

@TempData[“Name”];
TempData.Keep(“Name”);

Or

TempData.Peek(“Name”)

Question 16: Stored Procedure vs Function

Answer

Question 17: What are the various ways to send content from one page to another?

Answer

Response. Redirect()
Server.Transfer()
WebClient.DownloadFile()

Question 18: How to call a code behind a method asynchronously

Answer

[WebMethod]  
public static string Operate()  
{  
   return “Hi”;  
}  
  
<asp:ScriptManager runat=”server” EnablePageMethods = true></asp:ScriptManager>  
  
Window.PageMethods.Operate(); 

Question 19: What does asp: ScriptManager do to call a WebMethod?

Answer

JavaScript proxies are automatically generated by the ScriptManager that can call the page methods in the code-behind page. The proxy is accessed on the client side using a special class generated by the ScriptManager called PageMethods.

ScriptManager

Question 20: What are all the things that AJAX can't do?

Answer

Question 21: What are Session Modes' advantages over the others?

Answer

Session Modes

Question 22: Two interfaces have the same method. A class implements both of these interfaces. You need to override both of these methods in your class. How can you do this? If another class inherits this class, how can you call both of these methods?

Answer

public interface Interface1  
{   
   void Add();  
}  
public interface Interface2  
{  
   void Add();  
}  
public class BaseClass : Interface1, Interface2  
{  
   void Interface1.Add()  
   {  
      Console.WriteLine("interface1");  
   }  
   void Interface2.Add()  
   {  
      Console.WriteLine("interface2");  
   }  
}  
class Program: BaseClass  
{  
   static void Main(string[] args)  
   {  
      var Obj = new BaseClass();  
      var ObjIface1 = (Interface1)Obj;  
      var ObjIface2 = (Interface2)Obj;  
  
      ObjIface1.Add();  
      ObjIface2.Add();  
   }  
}

Question 23: What is late binding?

Answer

This comes with inheritance and is done with the same method name and signature in both the base and child classes. The Virtual keyword is in the base class method and the override keyword is in the child class method. This is also known as dynamic polymorphism or method overriding.

Question 24: What will be the output?

Given:

Class test  
{  
   String str1 = “Hello”;  
   Public static void Main()  
   {  
      Str1 +=” World”;  
      Console.WriteLine(Str1);  
   }  
}

Answer

Compilation error: non-static fields can’t be accessed in a static context

Question 25: Sealed vs Static

Answer

A Sealed class can’t be inherited. A static class can’t be instantiated.

Question 26: virtual vs override

Answer

When you want a base class method to be overridden in a child class, the method in the base class should have the “virtual” key and the method in the child class should have the “override” keyword.

virtual-override

Question 27: The usage of partial keyword

Answer

The “partial” keyword is used with a class, interface, or structure when you want to have its definition split within the same namespace. A partial class can have a partial method when you need to have the method declaration in one partial class and its body in another partial class. More...

Question 28: What is OOP?

Answer

Object Oriented Programming with the following main features:

  1. Encapsulation- Enclosing all data members (fields and properties) and actions on them (methods) together in a class.
  2. Abstraction- Exposing the operations, while hiding their internal implementation details.
  3. Inheritance- Reusing properties and methods of a class in another.
  4. Polymorphism- The same method behaves differently in different scenarios.

Question 29: How to secure a WCF service

Answer

There are 2 ways to secure a WCF service: Securing the message sent over and securing the transmission medium.

WCF security

If you know the application domain or IP of the WCF client, UrlReferrer can be used to allow only the respective applications to request your WCF service.

In the operation contract, you can put an if condition for the main logic such as-

ArrAllowedClients.Contains(HttpContext.Current.Request.UrlReferrer.AbsoluteUri)

where ArrAllowedClients holds the set of allowed IPs or application domains.

Question 30: Describe the Page life cycle

Answer

Dynamic controls can be created here.

IsPostBack andIsValid values can be checked to avoid redundant code.

Here all the control values are restored.

Page Life cycle

Question 31: MVC life cycle?

Answer

The RouteTable collection is created when the MVC application is requested for the first time. For the subsequent requests, UrlRoutingModule intercepts the request. From the requested URL, this module determines which controller and which action method is requested and executes the respective ActionMethod.

ASP.Net MVC life-cycle

Question 32: What does AutoEventWireUp in the page directive tag mean?

Answer

If “AutoEventWireUp = true”, you don’t need to attach event handlers to the events. Automatically, the event handler will be executed when the event fires up. You just need to override the required event handler.

Question 33: If you have 10 users requesting your application, how many times Application_Start event will be fired?

Answer

Application_Start will be fired only once at the application level. In other words, when the application is requested for the first time.

Question 34: Property vs field

Answer

Fields are private elements whereas properties are public elements with a getter and/or setter.

Question 35: for vs foreach

Answer

foreach is generally used with a collection.

for uses, lesser stack space than foreach since foreach creates a local copy of the item to traverse through and the item that changes in the loop.

Question 36: String is immutable. What does that mean? Explain with an example.

Answer

A string value can’t be changed. Each time you change a string variable, it actually creates a new string instance and dereferences the old value.

string

Now, Str1 will have the value “Hello World”. But, “Hello ” also exists in memory but it is not referenced by any variable.

Question 37: How to declare a global variable in JavaScript?

Answer

Either you can define the variable outside functions or you can simply skip the “var” keyword in the variable declaration.

Question 38: alert (5+”5”)

Answer

55 as JavaScript is not a strongly typed language. Here is an example of string concatenation that shows why the answer here is 55:
5+5+”5” => 105
5+”5”+5 => 555

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